Big Data as an e-Health Service

astronomic selective in fakeation as an e-Health Service pinchBig information in health deal relates to electronic health records, patients reported outcomes all another(prenominal) info sets.It is not possible to maintain hulking and mazy information with traditional entropybase tools. After many innovation researches d wizard by researchers Big Data is regenerating the health c be, business selective information and finally community as e-Health .The study on bigselective information e-health service. In this paper we come to tell apart why the current technologies like STORM, hadoop, actReduce potentiometert be apply directly to electronic-health services. It delineates the added capabilities required to make the electronic-health services to become much practical. next this paper nominates report on architecture of big entropy e-health services that provides meaning of e-services, forethought operations and compliance.Keywords Introduction to big info, di fferent types of technologies of bigdata, advantages of bigdata, applications of big data, solutions of e-health services, big data as a service provider, e-health data operation management.IntroductionWhat is bigdata?Bigdata consisting of extremely grand sum of data sets which consists all kinds of data and it is difficult to extract. It flush toilet be described by the characteristics like variety, velocity, volume and variability.Variety It consists of data like structured, unstructured and tackle structured data Structured data consists of databases, small scale health personal records, insurances, data w bes, Enterprise Systems(like CRM, ERP etc) uncrystallised data consists of analog data, Audio/video streams. Treatment data, research data Semi Structured data consists of XML, E-Mail, EDI.Velocity Velocity depends on epoch SensitivityIt also depends on streamingVolumeIt may consists of extensive quantities of commits or small files in quantityfor example , now a days single person can have more than whizz Gmail describe. When he wants to login into a gmail accounts the system yields log files .If a person login into gmail account quaternary times through his different accounts accordingly , the system generates abundant number of log files that is stored in a servers using bigdata.VariabilityIt shows the revulsion of data depends on variation of time period .It may be a problem for analyzing the data.Historically Bigdata in health care industries generate grand amount of electronic health datasets are so complex and difficult to manage by using the traditional softwares or hardware nor by using somewhat database management tools. nowadays the current trend is to make these huge amount of data as Digitalization so that this whole digital healthcare system will transform the whole healthcare adjoin will become more efficient and highly expensive live will be reduced. In other words Bigdata in healthcare is evolving into a propitious subject field for providing perception from large set of data and it produces outcomes which reduces the cost.Bigdata in healthcare effort is stunning not only because of huge volume of datasets like clinical records of patients health reports, patient insurance report, pharmacy, prescriptions , medical examination exam examination imaging , patient data in electronic patient records etc but also multiplicity of data types and the speed of increasing the records. around of the reports generated by researchers on the health care systems shows that, one of the health care system alone has r each(prenominal)ed in 2011, cl Exabyte. At this rate of increase of growth, in future the bigdata reaches Zettabyte scale and curtly it reaches to Yottabyte from various sources like electronic medical records Systems, social media reports, Personal health reports, mobile health care records, analytical reports on large crop of biomedical sensors and smart phones.The electronic-health medical reports generated by single patient generates thousands of medical reports which includes medical reports, lab reports, insurances, digital image reports , billing details etc.All these records are mandatory to be stored in database for validating , integrating these records for meaningful analysis. If these reports are generated by multiple patients across the whole world of healthcare bear on system then we have to combine these whole data into a single system which is a big challenge for Big Data.As the volume and Source of storing the data increases rapidly then we can use the e-health data to reduce the cost and improves the treatment. We can achieve it by probe the big data e-health System that satisfies Big Data applications.BIG information FOUNDATIONS FOR E-HEALTH The Following simulacrum 1 shows the bigdata service environs architecture that provides the turn out for electronic-health applications from different sources like testing center, individual patients, insu rance facilitator and government agencies .All these produces some standard health records are connected commonly to a national healthcare network. Figure 1. e-Health Big Data Service EnvironmentsDifferent types of Data sources The different types of data sources may include structured database, unstructured datasets and semi structured informationSome of the standard structured data that deals with the medicine insurance policy by NCPDP (National Council for Prescription Drug Program) and NCPDP SCRIPT for put across the electronic prescription for validating the interaction between drug to drug, medical database records, dosage of drug, maintain the records.The semi structured data related to radiology pictures are changed over the IP networks is provided by DICOM(Digital Imaging and communication in Medicine).The e-Health system store, gather the medical information, patient information to the doctors unexpectedly includes medical information, vaccination details, diagnostics r eports.HDWA Healthcare Data Warehousing Association it provides the environment for from others. They work collaboratively which assistants them to deliver accurate results or solutions from their own organizationsA hale relationship and interaction from test facilitators and technical team is maintained at heart the organization.We have to face the challenges for utilizing the unstructured data related to different c oncepts, sacramental manduction and accessing the data.Big data solutions and productsBigdata investigation requires knowledge about storing, inspecting, discovering, visualizing the data and providing security by making some changes to some of technologies like Hadoop, MapReduce, STORM and with combinations.STROMSTROM is a distributed, open source , existent time and fault-tolerant computational system. It can do work the large amount of data on different implements and in real time each message will be processed. Strom programs can be create by using any pr ogram languages but oddly it uses java , python and other.Strom is extremely fast and has the capability to process millions of records per second per knob as it is required for e-health services. It combines with the message queuing and database technologies. From the figure 2 we can catch that a Strom topology takes huge amount of data and process the data in a typical manner and repartitioning the streams of data between each stage of process.A strom topology consists of spout and bolts that can process huge amount of data. In terms of strom components the spout reads the incoming data and it can also read the data from existing files .if the file is modified then spout also enters the modified data also. Bolt is responsible for all touch what happens on the topology , it can do anything from filtering to joins, aggregations, talking to database. Bolts adopt the data from spout for processing.Figure 2. Illustration of STORM Architecture(ref https//storm.apache.org/)Some of t he crucial characteristics of Strom for data processing areFast-It can process one million 100 bytes per second per bossScalable-with parallel calculations that runs across the machineFault-tolerant-if a node dies strom will automatically restart themReliable-strom can process each unit of data alleast once or exactly onceEasy to operate-once deployed strom can be operated easily(ref http//hortonworks.com/hadoop/storm/)Hadoop for quite a little processingHadoop was initially designed for batch processing i.e., it takes inputs as a large set of data at once, process it and economize the output. Through this batch processing and HDFS(hadoop distributed file system) it produce high throughput data processing.Hadoop is another simulation , runs on MapReduce engineering science to do distributed computations on different servers.(ref diagram http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoop) Figure 3. Hadoop Processing SystemsFrom the figure 3 we can observe that a hadoop multi-node bunch together , it consists of single master node and slave node. A master node has different trackers like projection tracker for scheduling the tasks , business organisation tracker server handles with the job appointments in a order. Master also acts like a data node and name node. The slave node acts like a task tracker and data node which process the data only by slave-node only. HDFS floor deals with large cluster of nodes manage the name node server which prevents the corruptness of file by taking the snapshots of the name node memory structure. more top companies uses the hadoop technology plays a prominent role in the market.The Vendors who uses Hadoop technology will produce accurate results with high performance, scalability in output and cost is reduced. Some of the companies like Amazon, IBM, Zettaset, Dell and other uses Hadoop technology for easy analysis, provides security, substance abuser friendly solutions for complex problems.( http//www.technavio.com/blog/top-14 -hadoop-technology-companies)MAPREDUCEIn 2004, Google released a modeling called Hadoop MapReduce. This textile is used for writing the applications which process huge amount of multi-terabyte data sets in parallel on large number of nodes. MapReduce divides the work loads into multiple tasks that can be executed parallel. Computational process can be done on both file system and database.(ref http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapReduce)MapReduce code is usuallay indite in java program and it can also can write in another programming languages. It consists of two fundamental components like Map and Reduce. The input and output generated by MapReduce is in the form of key and appreciate pair. The map node will take the input in the form of large clusters and divides it into smaller clusters were the execution process is easy. Rather Mapreduce provides support for hadoop distributed file system can store the data in different servers. This framework provides support for thousands of com putational applications and peg bytes of data.Some of the important features of mapreduce are scale-out architecture , security and authentication, resource manager, optimized scheduling, flexibility and high availability.Additional tools are needed to add and should be trained for e-Health files to reduce the complexity because some of the blotto files like electronic-health DICOM picture file should be mapped to a singler Map reducing agent so it reduces the BigdData effectiveness. The Hadoop big data applications has imposed a limitations on big data technologies has focused on the applications like offline informatics systems.4) Programming ToolsThe other solution for the e-Health bigdata is MUMPS, it is an programming tool. MUMPS is abbreviated as Massachusetts superior general Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System. It is also known as M programming language. M is a multi user and it is designed to control the huge amount of database. M programming can produce high perfo rmance in health cares and in financial applications.M provides simple data considerations in which the data is inclined in the form of string of characters and the given data is structured in a multidimensional array. M requires support for lean data.Accorrding to the research done by the scientist in US hospitals they are maintaing the electronic Health records (HER) using M language including Vista(Veterans Health Information Systems and engineering Architecture) which manages all hospitals care facilities run by the Department of Veterans.(ref http//opensource.com/health/12/2/join-m-revolution)In future some of the analytical algorithms are developed to solve the problems faced with the big data applicationsAdditional e-Health (Big Data) CapabilitiesThe additional capabilities provided by the Big data e-Health services are Data Federation and aggregation, certificate and Regulatory Concerns and Data Operational circumspection. The bigdata provides the services which helps to organize and store the huge amount of data. Those data is is digitalization , consists of large amount of datasets consists information related to patients all reports.1) Data Federation and AggregationData Federation is a type of software which collections the data from the multiple users and integrates the data.Typically traditional software cannot given the solution to store the huge amount of data in hardwares or by some database management tools.But the Data federation will provide a solution based upon the bigdata architecture is based by hive away the data inside and outside of the enterprise through the layer.Some of the important data federation tools are Sysbase federation, IBM InfoSphere Federation server and so on.(ref http//etl-tools.info/en/data-federation.html)2) Security and Regularity ConcernsSecurity is one of the important requirement to describe bidgata e-health services.Security plays a important role because patient share their personl information with the doc tors which help the physician to give the correct treatment3) Data Operational Management

Features of Location Strategy Planning

Features of military cast Strategy PlanningThe kettle of fish of a comprise or preparation is the geographical positioning of an cognitive operation relative to the stimulus resources and other operations or customers with which it interacts. Andrew Greasly (2003) place three main reasons why a localization principle finding is take. The first reason is that a vernal comp each has been pretendd and inevitably a zeal to manufacture harvest- sentences or give birth a gain to its customers. The second reason is that there is a decision to re come by an existing business due to a exit of proceed break throughs more(prenominal)(prenominal) as the essential for larger premises or to be close- restrain(prenominal) to a fussy customer base. The third reason is relocate into red-hot premises in pose to be subject to expand operations.Decisions with regards to where an formation faecal matter locate its sic or facility ar non interpreted a lot, as yet th ey still bunk to be very essential for the firms profitability and large- marge survival. An organisation which chooses an in curb location for its premises could cope with from a number of factors, and would find it punishing and expensive to relocate. Location decisions tend to be nominaten more a lot for service operations than manufacturing facilities. Facilities for service related businesses ar usu in ally smaller in size, less costly, and be located in a location that is well-to-do and easily kindly to customers (Russell and Taylor, 2003). When deciding where to located a manufacturing facility diametric reasons apply, such(prenominal) as the cost of constructing a constitute or factory. Although the most imporant factor for a service related business is access to customers, a set of contrasting criteria is Copernican for a manufacturing facility (Russell and Taylor, 2003). These include the nature of the labor force, propinquity to suppliers and other mark ets, distribution and raptus cost, the availability of energy and its cost, community infrastructure, g all overning body regualtions and taxes, amongst others (Russell and Taylor, 2003).Location StrategyThe facilities location problem is one of major size able-bodiedness in all types of business. It is deductionant to notice the different problems that whitethorn machinate whilst trying to choose a able location which is the usual bea, and send which is the plaza chosen indoors the location. Normally, the decision on siting proceeds in two stages in the first, the general ara is chosen and and so a detailed survey of that bea is carried out to find able lays where the plant or facility could be located (Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). However, the final decision as to where to locate a facility is do by pickings into m victimisation more detailed requirements. The following argon a number of factors which skill influence the choice of location (Oakland and Lockyer, 1992).Proximity to market organisations may deficiency to locate their facility close to their market, to be able to lower transportation costs, and most bigly, to be able to provide their customers with a better service. If the plant or facility is located close to the customer, the organisation would be in a better position to provide just-in-time actors distribution channel, to respond to fluctuations in aim and to react to field or service problems.Availability of labour and skills a number of geographical areas pull in traditional skills but it very noble-minded that an organisation would be able to find a location which has the appropriate skilled and unskilled labour, both readily available and in the in energise(p) proportions and quantities. Even so, new skills can be tought, solvees simplified and key forcefulness moved from one area to another.Availability of amenities organisations would prefer to locate their facilities in a location which provides good ext ernal amenities such as housing, shops, community run and communication dodges.Availability of inputs a location which is near main suppliers go away help to reduce cost and render staff to line up through suppliers easily to discuss property, technical or renouncey problems, amongst others. It is in all case most-valuable that authentic supplies which are expensive or exhausting to procure by transport should be readily available in the locality.Availability of services there are six main services which need to be considered whilst a location is being chosen videlicet gas and electricity, water, drainage, disposal of waste and communications. An assessment must be made of the requirements for these, and a location which provides most or all of these services get out be more attractive than another which does not.Room for expansion organisations should return room for expansion inside the chosen location unless long term forecast convey very accurately that the plan t will never subscribe to be altered or expanded. This is often not the berth and thus adequate room for expansion should be allowed.Safety requirements current business and manufacturing units may present potential hazards to the surrounding neighbourhood. For example original plants such as nuclear power stations and chemical factories should be located in remote areas.Site cost the cost of the site is a very of the essence(predicate) factor, however it is demand to prevent fast benefit from jeopardising the long-term plans of an organisation.Political, cultural and economic situation it is also important to consider the political situation of potential locations. Even if other considerations demand a peculiar(prenominal) site, knowledge of the political, cultural and economic difficulties can service in taking a number of decisions.Special grants, regional taxes and import/export barriers it is often advantegous for an organisation to build its plant or facility in a lo cation where the government and local authorities often offer special grants, low-interest loans, low rental or taxes and other inducements.Location Selection TechniquesThe location selection cognitive emergence involves the identification of a suitable region/country, the indentification of an appropriate area within that region and finally analyse and selecting a site from that area which is suitable for an organisation. The following are a number of analytical techniques from the several that moderate been developed to assist firms in location depth psychology.Weighted ScoreThe weithed scoring technique tries to take a score of considerations into handbill, including cost. This technique, which is also referred to as factor rating or elevation rating, consists of determining a list of factors that are relevant to the location decision. severally factor is then presumption a weighting that conveys its relative wideness compared with the other factors. Each location is th en scored on each factor and this score is multiplied by the factor rate. The alternative with the highest score is then chosen.Locational Break-Even AnalysisThis technique makes hire of cost- pot analysis to make an economic semblance of location alternatives. An organisation would have to identify the fixed and variable costs and graphing them for each location, thus determining which one provides the lowest cost. Locational break-even analysis may be carried out mathematically or graphically. The procedure for graphical cost-volume analysis is as followsDetermine the fixed and variable costs for each location. plan the total cost (i.e. the fixed + the variable) lines for the location alternatives on the graph.Choose the location with the lowest total cost line at the expected return volume level.Plant LayoutAccording to Andrew Greasly (2007), the layout of a plant or facility is concerned with the physical interjectment of resources such as equipment and terminal facilities , which should be knowing to facilitate the efficient flow of customers or materials done the manufacturing or service ar take to the woodsment. He also noted that the layout design is very important and should be taken very seriously as it can have a significant impact on the cost and efficiency of an operation and can involve substantial investment in time and property. The decisions taken with regards to the facility layout will have a direct influence on how efficiently go baders will be able to carry out their jobs, how much and how fast goods can be produced, how difficult it is to automobilemate a arranging, and how the remains in place would be able to respond to any changes with regards to harvest or service design, production mix, or demand volume (Russell and Taylor, 2003).In many operations the installation of a new layout, or design of an existing layout, can be difficult to change once they are implemented due to the significant investment required on deta ils such as equipment. Therefore, it is imperative to make sure that the policy decisions relating to the organisation, method and release flow are made before the facilities are laid out rather than trying to fit these three into the layout. This is an important area of occupation and operations circumspection since it is dealing with the capital equipment of the organisation which, in general, is difficult to relocate once it has been put into position.Keith Lockyer (1992), in his book yield and operations counseling, explained that the plant layout surgical operation is rather complex, which cannot be set down with any finality, and one in which experience plays a great part. The author also explained that it is impossible for an organisation to design the perfect layout, however he discussed a number of criteria which should be followed to design a good layout. These criteria are discussed in brief below.Maximum FlexibilityA good layout should be intentional in such a way that modifications could rapidly take place to meet changing circumstances, and thus should be devised with the possible future involve of the operation in mind.Maximum Co-ordinationThe layout should be designed in such a way that entry into, and disposal from, any department or functional area should be carried out in the most convenient way to the issuing and recieving departments.Maximum expend of volumeThe facility should be considered as cubic devises and maximum use is to be made of the volume available. This principle is useful in stores, where goods can be stored at colossal heights without causing any inconvenience, especially if certain m rulen lifting machinery is available.Maximum visiblenessLocker shape up insists that all the workers and materials should be readily observable at all times and that there should be no hidden places into which goods or breeding might get misplaced and forgotten. Organisations should be careful when they make use of partitioning or screening as these may assert undesirable segregation which reduces the effective use of floor space.Maximum availabilityThe machinery, equipment and other installations should not in any way obstruct the operate and maintenance points, which should be readily accessible at all times. Obstructing certain service points such as electricity and water mains could hinder the work emblem out in place.Minimum distance and Material handling wholly movements taking place within the plant should be both incumbent and direct. Handling work does add the cost but does not profit the value, thus any unecessary movement should be avoided and if present, evanesced. It is best not to overlay the material and information, however if this is necessary it should be reduced to a stripped by make use of appropriate devices.Inherent Safety all told mathematical processes which might constitute a danger to either the staff or customers should not be accessible to the unauthorised. Fire exists should be clearly marked with uninhibited access and pathways should be clearly delimit and uncluttered.Unidirectional bleedAll materials which are being use in the production process should always flow in one direction, starting from the storage, passing through all processes and facilities, and finally resulting in the finished product which is later dispatched for storage or sold directly to the customer.Management CoordinationSupervision and communication should be assisted by the location of staff and communication equipment in place within the chosen layout.The Basic Layout DesignsAfter choosing the process type which will be used within the plant, it would be necessary to select the layout of the operation. Presently, there are four basic types of production layouts, each with their own set of characterisitcs which are briefly discussed below.Fixed Position LayoutA fixed position layout design is used when the product being produced is either too fragile, bulky, or heavy to move and so the change process would have to take place at the location where the product is created. Figure 2.7 conveys an example of a fixed position layout within a full service restaurant.In this finical type of layout, all resources and factors of production used to produce a feature product must be moved to the location where the product is to be produced. Scheduling and coordination of the required resources are important characterisitics of this layout, since these resources have to be available on the site where the product is to be produced in the required amounts at the required time (Andrew Greasley, 2007). For example, certain activities that are carried out in construction sites are only able to take place later on the completion of other activities. The utilization of equipment in such a layout is often low, since it is cheaper to leave equipment idle at a location where it will be used during subsequent days than to move it back and forth (Russell and Taylor, 2003). operate LayoutIn process layouts, also termed as functional layouts, similar activities are grouped together in departments or work centers according to the process or function that they carry out. Figure 4.8 conveys a process layout in a manufacturing facility, were different processes and machines are located within their respective work center.This type of layout is characteristic of intermittent operations, service shops, job shops, or cumulation production, were different customers with different needs are served (Russell and Taylor, 2003). Equipment found in this particular layout is often general purpose, and workers are usually trained to make use of equipment in their department. One of the advantagous of this system is flexibility, however a high level of inefficiency takes place. This inefficiency arises since jobs and customers do not flow through the system in an groovy manner, movement from one department to another could take a long time, and queues tend to b e developed (Russell and Taylor, 2003).Product LayoutIn product layouts, which are also known as assembly lines, activities are set up in a line according to the sequence of operations that have to take place in order to produce a particular product. Therefore, each product being produced must have its own line, which is designed in a unique way to meet its requirements (Russell and Taylor, 2003). The flow of work is carried out in an orderly and efficient manner, moving from one particular processing station to the next down the assembly line until the product is successfull produced (Russell and Taylor, 2003). These type of layouts are often incorporated for mass production or repetitive operations, where demand is unremarkably stable and volume is high. In such cases, the product being produced is standard, and one which is produced for the general market. Figure 2.9 conveys a simplified configuration of a product layout.The product or line layout is known to be a very efficient production system because the use of dedicated equipment in a balanced line allows a much throughput time than in any other layout used (Andrew Greasly, 2007). However, this particular layout often lacks the flexibility found in the process layout since it only able to produce a standard product or service. Another incommode which often concerns manufacturing companies is that if any particular processing station fails, the siding from the hale line is lost. Therefore, it lacks the robustness to loss of resources such as equipment failure or staff which are not present at work that the process layout provides (Andrew Greasly, 2007).Cellular LayoutA cellphone layout tries to combine the flexbility found in the process layout together with the efficiency found in the product layout. Machines and activities which are unalike are grouped into work centers, referred to cells, in order to create groups of move or customers which have similar requirements (Russell and Taylor, 2003). The aim of this layout is to arrange different cells in such a way that materials movement is minimized.Figure 2.10 conveys how a process layout which has similar resurces has been grouped into three different cells. Through this redesigning, the routing of products has been simplified and products can now be processed in a single cell and need not be transported between different departments.2.2 Quality ManagementThere is a widespread acceptance that organisations view superior as an important strategic core competence and a vital warlike weapon which should be used to gain a competitive returns at the expense of rivals. Several organisations have been able to reep a number of benefits, such as substanstial cost savings and higher revenues, aft(prenominal) implementing a timberland melioration process into their operations. Subsequently, this led them to invest substantial amounts of money yearly on implementing and sustaining quality programmes and intiatives.The American N ational Standards Institution (ANSI) and the American Society for Quality swan (ASQC) define quality as the aggregate of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to accomplish given needs. Similarily, Feigenbaum (2005), who is an American quality control expert, has defined quality as the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacture, and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectation by the customer. Put simply, this refers to an organisations ability to manufacture a product or deliver a service which satisfy the customers requirements and needs, and which accommodate to specifications.Keith Lockyer, in his book Production and trading operations Management (1992), noted that organisations must be dedicated to the continous repairment of quality and must implement systematic control systems that are designed to prevent the production or delivery of products o r services which do not conform to requirements. To facilitate this process, organisations should first set up a quality policy statement which describes their general quality orientation and which is used to assist as a framework for action. Once set up, prime management would be required to watch that is it understood at all levels of the organisationidentify the needs of the organisations customersevaluate the organisations ability to meet these needsmake sure that all the materials and services supplied fit the required standards of efficiency and performancecontinously train the workforce for quality improvementassess and supervise the quality management systems in place.Quality Control and Assurance in the Conversion Process shaft Wild (2002) has noted that the capability of the conversion process directly influences the degree to which the product or service conforms to the given specification. If the conversion process is capable of producing products or services at the u ndertake level, then the products or services are provided at the sought after quality level. Once the specification of the output is known and an appropriate process is available, management must ensure that the output will conform to the specification. In order to come through this fair game Ray Wild (2002) has defined three different stages which are outlined in figure 2.4 each discussed below.Control of Inputs in the lead accepting any heads as inputs, organisations must make sure that they conform to the required specifications and standards. Normally, before items are supplied to an organisation, they are subjected to some form of quality control by the supplier. The organisation might also ask its suppliers for information about the quality of the items whilst they are being prepared, ask for a reproduction of the final direction documentation, or ask a third company such as an insurance company to make sure that all the items supplied conform to the required quality st andards.Even so, organisations still find the need to inspect the items supplied once they are recieved and before they are inserted into the conversion process. This superintendence can be carried out by either inspecting every item recieved from suppliers, or by making use of the acceptance sampling procedure, which consists of taking a random sample from a larger batch or lot of material to be inspected. Organisations might also make use of the vendor rating procedure whereby suppliers are rated by taking into account a number of quality related factors such as the per centum of acceptable items recieved in the past, the quality of the packaging, and the price.Control of ProcessAll manufacturing organisations must make sure that appropriate inspection is carried out during operations to ensure that defective items do not proceed to the next operations, and also to call off when the process is most likely to produce faulty items so that disturbance adjustments could be adopte d (Ray Wild 2002). The quality control of the production process is facilitated by making use of control charts, which convey whether the process looks as though it is performing as it should, or alternatively if it is going out of control. One of the benefits of this procedure is that it helps management to take action before problems actually take place. Ray Wild (2002) also notes that organisations should establish procedures for the selection and inspection of items which are used in the conversion process, for the recording and analysis of data, scrapping of defectives, and for feedback of information.Control of OutputsOrganisations must ensure that the qulity inspection of output items is carried out effectively since any undetected defective items would be passed on to the customer. The inspection of output items is commonly carried out by making use of a sampling procedure, such as acceptance sampling, or by carrying out exhaustive checks. Ray Wild (2002) notes that it is vital for an organisation to have in place suitable procedures designed for the collection and retention of inspection data, for the correction, replacement or further examination of defective items, and for the adjustment or modification of either prior inspection or processing operations in order to eliminate the production of defective items.HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control PointsNowadays, the diet industry is responsible of producing safe products and also for conveying in a transparent manner how the prophylactic of food is being planned, controlled and assured. In order to do so, organisations in the food industry need a system which will ensure that food operations are designed to be safe and that potential hazards are taken into account (Bob Mitchell 1992). One such system is the Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points which is a scientific and systematic method used to assure food safety, and a brute for the development, implementation and management of eff ective safety assurance procedures (Ropkins and Beck 2000). The HACCP is known to be one of the best methods used for assuring product safety and is considered as a prerequisite for food manufacturing companies who wish to export their products into international markets.The objective of the HACCP system is to guarantee that the safe production of food by implementing a quality system which covers the complete food production chain, from the promary sector up to the final consuming of the product (Fai Pun, Bhairo-Beekhoo 2007). It is capable of analysing the potential hazards in a food operation, identifying the points in the operation where the hazards may take place, and deciding which of these may be harmful to consumers (Bob Mitchell 2002). These points, which are referred to as the critical control points, are continously monitored and remedial action is effected if any of these points are not within safe limits. The HACCP is the system of choice in the management of food safet y one which is highly promoted by the food safety authorities in the United States, Canada and European Union.Just-In-Time SchedulingScheduling in ManufacturingDecision making with regards to scheduling has become a very important factor in manufacturing as well as in service industries. Scheduling is a decision making process whereby limited resources are allocated to specific tasks over time in order to produce the desired outputs at the desired time (Psarras, Ergazakis 2003). This process helps organisations to allocate their resources properly, which would further enable them to optimise their objectives and bring home the bacon their goals. A number of functions, conveyed in figure 2.5, must be performed whilst scheduling and controlling a production operation.In manufacturing systems, scheduling is highly drug-addicted on the volume and variety mix of the manufacturing system itself. Mass process-type systems, which normally make use of a flow (product) layout where a standa rd item is produced in high volumes, make use of specialised equipment dedicated to bring home the bacon an optimal flow of work throughout the system (Andrew Greasly 2006). Greasly notes that this is very important since all items follow the same sequence of operations. One of the most important objectives of a flow system is to make sure that production is kept at an equal rate in each production that takes place. This could be ensured by making use of the line balancing technique, which makes sure that the output of each production stage is equal and that all resources all fully utilised (Andrew Greasly 2006).Just-In-TimeThe Just-In-Time Philosophy in OperationsThe just-in-time philosophy originated from the Japanese auto maker Toyota after Taiichi Ohno came up with the Toyota Production System whose aim was to embrasure manufacturing more closely with the companys customers and suppliers. This particular philosophy is an approach to manufacturing which seeks to provide the r ight(a) amount of material when it is required, which in turn leads to the reduction of work-in-progress inventories and aims to maximise productiveness within the production process (Singh, Brar 1991). The authors, Slack, Chambers and Johnston, of Operations Management (2001) defined the JIT philosophy as a disciplined approach to improving boilersuit productivity and exclusion of waste. They also state that it provides for the necessary quantity of move at the right quality, at the right time and place, while using a minimum amount of facilities, equipment, materials and human resources. Thus, put simply the JIT system of production is one based on the philosophy of total elimination of waste, which seeks the utmost rationality in the way production is carried out.Bicheno (1991) further states that JIT aims to meet demand instantaneously, with perfect quality and no waste. In order to achieve this, an organisation requires a whole new approach in how it operates. Harrison (1992) identified three important issues as the core of JIT philosophy, namely the elimination of waste, the conflict of everyone and continous improvement. The following is a brief description of these three key issues (adapted from Operations Management by Andrew Greasly).Eliminate WasteWaste may be defined as any activity which does not add value to the operation. Ohno (1995) and Toyota have identified seven types of waste, which apply in many different types of operations, in both manufacturing and service industries. All of these types of wastes are displayed in figure 2.6 below.The involvement of everyoneOrganisations that implement a JIT system are able to create a new culture where all employees are encouraged to continously improve by coming up with ideas for improvements and by performing a range of functions. In order to involve employees as much as possible, organisations would have to provide training to staff in a wide range of areas and techniques, such as Statistical Proce ss Control and more general problem solving techniques (Andrew Greasley 2002).Continuous ImprovementSlack and Johnston (2001) note that JIT objectives are often expressed as ideals. Futhermore, Greasly (2002) states that through this philosophy, organisations would be able to get to these ideals of JIT by a continuous stream of improvements over time.The Benefits of Just-In-TimeAccording to Russell and Taylor (2003), after fives years from implementing JIT a number of U.S. manufacturers were able to benefit from 90 per centum reductions in manufacturing cycle time, 70 percent reductions in inventory, 50 percent reductions in labour costs, and 80 percent reductions in space requirements. These results are not achieved by each and every organisation that implements a JIT system, however JIT does provide a wide range of benefits, includingReduced inventory alter qualityLower costsReduced space requirementsShorter lead timeIncreased productivityGreater flexibilityBetter relations with supplierssimplify scheduling and control activitiesBetter use of human resourcesIncreased efficiencyMore product varietyHealth and Safety ManagementThe internationalistic Labour Organisation (ILO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) define occupational wellness as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and mixer well-being of workers in all occupations the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their workings conditions the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health and the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities. many another(prenominal) countries have introduced legislation which requires employers to manage the health and safety of their employees, and others who might be affected (Alan Waring, 1996). To honour health and safety legislation, organisations have found it necessar y to introduce active programmes of accident prevention. The preparation of a properly though-out health and safety policy, which is continously monitored, could dramatically reduce or eliminate injuries and damage to health (Oakland and Lockyer, 1992).Responsibilities for SafetyAll employees in an organisation should be active in creating and maintaining healthy and safe working conditions which are aimed to avoid accidents. Once a health and safety policy is established in an organisation, roles and responsibilities should be allocated within the management structure (Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). As with other areas such as quality and production within an organisation, health and safety would only be able to progress successfully if all employees are fully co-operative and committed in doing so. A number of organisations have encouraged this total involvement by creating safety representitives, committees, and group discussions w

Information Technology In The Tourism Government

data applied science In The tourism G all overnmentInvolving discipline and intercourse engine room on a range of modern methods and techniques functiond to simplify a particular activity and lifting tool, a group gathered the necessary equipment to surgery teaching and circulation of computers and softw ar and hardware for saving and retrieving and electronic transport crossways wired and wireless pie-eyeds of communication in all its forms and various kinds written, audio and video, which enables two-way communication and teamwork and provide transmission of the message from the vector to the recipient through closed networks and open and globalization has allowed discipline and communication engineering science to benefit from services a four-Twenty hours (24 h / 7 daytimes), from any(prenominal) point on earth, especially with the spread of electronic financial gag rule of transactions on Line.Nowadays engineering involves e very aspects of life. One of these as pects is tourism. mountain who work in tourism sector use technology to serve their work. Technology helps to distribute discipline slightly contrasting places for tourism. Tourists can run into study from the internet and chicane the accurate things to decide the best places to visit. Technology harbours the work easier related to the tourists need like hiring cars, getting rooms and tickets. It becomes very easy register your information online. Tourists will have more sequence to enjoy themselves because their information has been already registered online. Tourism use technology to make records about their usual customers to know their favorite food, places and activities to attract them to come again. soon this issue will discuss the concept of Information technology in tourism patience and will cover those main pointsConcept of information technology.E-Government.Information Technology and Tourism.E-Tourism.The splendor of e-tourism and its impact on national econ omy.Tourism applications.Government internet websiteInformation Technology?Information technology mean possessed the manufacture and storage and dissemination of information by a microelectronics-based computing and communications. When we verbalise Information technology that means, computer programming, internet, computer engineering, and technician and so on. All of that make big change in tourism application so the presidency should use this technology to be number bingle in this sector.E-GovernmentThe common definition of e-government as a network of computer systems that enable public access to a large number of government services and transactions automated, online or through other electronic earn . The intellectual and political content of the e-government, and historical and cultural context that take to it.The concept e-government integrated mean the sumive use of all information and communication technologies in order to facilitate the daily administrative operatio ns of the government sectors.We can say in light of the foregoing that the electronic government in terms of the concept is the environment where it is information be for all by easy wayIT and TourismBecause the tourism industry is rapidly changing and evolving. It was necessary to use information technology to preserve pace with the evolution in the world and is noted on this rump that the tourism market has been affected a lot of this technology over recent years has been known an exponential growth in e-tourism done the Internet.The countries which used the e-government and considering tourism as one of main economic repair faces to use technology in this sector and this helped to appearance of the concept of E-Tourism.E-TourismAppeared a few years ago the concept of e-tourism, and dealt with many international organizations of polar applications and their impact on increasing tourism growth, especially in least(prenominal) developed countries, which constitute the tourism r evenues, a large residual of GDP. Has contributed to gain ground spread the concept and applications of various factors such as high proportion of the contribution of e-tourism in the total international e-commerce, and the resulting integration of this concept in the institutional structures of the bodies involved in tourism from the reduction in the approach of tourism services provided and thus prices, and the development of tourist proceeds submitted in the development of new touristic activities consistent with the different segments of tourists, as well as increasing the competitiveness of tourism enterprises, and the consequent increase in the nurse added of the tourism sector in the national economy.We can say the e-tourism is form of tourist transactions are executed through the use of information and communication technology.The importance of e-tourism and its impact on national economyThe importance of e-tourism, which provided huge benefits for both providers of to urism services for tourists or tourists themselves , which contribute to tame traditional barriers in the typical tourist transactions, and most important of these benefits 1. drive on the provision of information, which depends on tourism industry.When we use the technology it is will be easy to get information about tourism destination.2. Reduce the address of tourism services provided.Because the services provided online with lees price and time .3. Ease of product development, tourism and the emergence of new tourism activities in accordance with the different segments of tourists.That happen when we use the technology to know what tourists need and what his her opinion about certain destination.4. Increase the competitiveness of tourism enterprises.That depends for how we use the Information technology in our work .All of that helped to increase the benefit of tourism in national income so the use of information technology is strategic excerption and necessary.Tourism appli cationsBefore tock about tourism applications in IT sector we should know who use the IT. In general we can divide them to four groups which areTourists,Travel agents.Service providers..Tourism offices.In tourism we use information technology in airlines, hotels, car rent, Tourism offices and travel agencies.The government use information technology in several way s for example, market research, promotional plan and exchange the information between the countries and so on. in addition the government use computers, Mobil phones, and satellites to control and administration the staff and the process in easy ways.Government Internet WebsiteIt is the biggest and useful part of information technology and the government use it to promotional the country and market it in safe(p) ways.This website provides all information for all and it easy to access and get what you hope about the country so, that will be increase the number of visitor. and the government uses the internet to provide d irect services like, reservation, tickets and other things. goalIn conclusion, I can say the information technology effect the tourism industry in different ways and change day by day. Also the exact impacts are far from clear, the future of e-tourism. In the end of this report we can see the important of information technology in tourism sector and who it is affect it. In my opinion the information technology becomes the important issue and I have the right to say no live without information technology.

Data Mining or Knowledge Discovery

info dig or Knowledge DiscoerySYNOPSISINTRODUCTION entropy dig is the clashing of analyzing info from different perspectives and summarizing it into utilitarian selective information. Data digging or knowledge find, is the computed assisted make for of digging through and analyzing enormous sets of info and then extracting the meaning of information. Data sets of very eminentschool markality, such as microarray selective information, pose great ch eitherenges on economical processing to most vivacious selective information mining algorithmic ruleic programs. Data management in high belongingsal spaces set outs complications, such as the degradation of query processing performance, a phenomenon to a fault known as the curse of dimensionality.Dimension Reduction (DR) tackles this problem, by hands down embedding data from high dimensional to upseter dimensional spaces. The dimensional reducing get along gives an optimal solution for the compendium of these hig h dimensional data. The slightening process is the action of diminishing the protean forecast to few categories. The curb variables argon new defined variables which argon the combinations of either bilinear or non-linear combinations of variables. The simplification of variables to a clear dimension or categorization is extracted from the foreign dimensions, spaces, classes and variables.Dimensionality drop-off is considered as a powerful approach for thinning the high dimensional data. tralatitious statistical approaches partly calls off due to the augment in the add of observations primary(prenominal)ly due to the increase in the moment of variables correlated with all(prenominal) observation. Dimensionality simplification is the transformation of lavishly Dimensional Data (HDD) into a meaningful representation of cut dimensionality. principal Pattern abbreviation (PPA) is developed which encapsulates have got extraction and rollick categorization.Multi-le vel Mahalanobis-based Dimensionality Reduction (MMDR), which is able to reduce the sum of dimensions firearm tutelage the precision high and able to in effect handle greathearted datasets. The goal of this inquiry is to disc all over the protein fold by considering both the sequential information and the 3D flexure of the structural information. In addition, the proposed approach diminishes the error rate, signifi stinkpott rise in the throughput, decline in missing of items and finally the patterns are classified.THESIS CONTRIBUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONOne tantrum of the dimensionality reduction requires much studies to find out how the evaluations are per organise. Researchers find to wind up the evaluation with a decent understanding of the reduction proficiencys so that they can make a decision to use its suitability of the context. The main section of the work presented in this research is to diminish the high dimensional data into the optimized category variables ex cessively called reduced variables. Some optimisation algorithms have been utilize with the dimensionality reduction technique in order to get the optimized turn up in the mining process.The optimization algorithm diminishes the noise (any data that has been received, stored or changed in such a manner that it cannot be read or utilise by the program) in the datasets and the dimensionality reduction diminishes the large data sets to the definable data and after that if the clustering process is applied, the clustering or any mining results provide yield the efficient results.The organization of the thesis is as followsChapter 2 presents literature review on the dimensionality reduction and protein folding as exertion of the research. At the end all the reduction technology has been analyzed and discussed.Chapter 3 presents the dimensionality reduction with PCA. In this chapter some hypothesis has been proved and the experimental results has been minded(p) for the different da taset and compared with the existing approach.Chapter 4 presents the study of the hotshot Pattern depth psychology (PPA). It presents the investigation of the PPA with separate dimensionality reduction phase. So by the experimental result the obtained PPA shows better performance with other optimization algorithms.Chapter 5 presents the study of PPA with familial Algorithm (GA). In this chapter, the action for protein folding in GA optimization has been given and the experimental result shows the accuracy and error rate with the datasets.Chapter 6 presents the results and discussion of the proposed systemology. The Experimental results shows that PPA-GA gives better performance compared than the existing approaches.Chapter 7 concludes our research work with the limitation which the analysis has been made from our research and explained about the annexe of our research so that how it could be taken to the next level of research. cogitate WORKS(Jiang, et al. 2003) proposed a nove l hybrid algorithm combining patrimonial Algorithm (GA). It is crucial to know the molecular(a) basis of life for advances in biomedical and agricultural research. Proteins are a diverse class of biomolecules consisting of manacles of amino acids by peptide bonds that perform vital functions in all supporting things. (Zhang, et al. 2007) published a account about semi supervised dimensionality reduction. Dimensionality reduction is among the keys in mining high dimensional data. In this work, a simpleton but efficient algorithm called SSDR (Semi Supervised Dimensionality Reduction) was proposed, which can simultaneously exert the structure of cowcatcher high dimensional data.(Geng, et al. 2005) proposed a supervised nonlinear dimensionality reduction for visualization and miscellanea. Dimensionality reduction can be performed by memory scarcely the most important dimensions, i.e. the ones that hold the most useful information for the task at hand, or by projecting the origi nal data into a dispirit dimensional space that is most expressive for the task. (Verleysen and Franois 2005) recommended a paper about the curse of dimensionality in data mining and beat series prediction.The difficulty in analyzing high dimensional data results from the company of two effects. Working with high dimensional data means running(a) with data that are embedded in high dimensional spaces. Principal component compend (PCA) is the most traditional tool use for dimension reduction. PCA projects data on a lower dimensional space, choosing axes keeping the upper limit of the data initial variance.(Abdi and Williams 2010) proposed a paper about Principal function compendium (PCA). PCA is a multivariate technique that analyzes a data hedge in which observations are described by several inter-correlated quantitative certified variables. The goal of PCA are to,Extract the most important information from the data table.Compress the size of the data set by keeping only t his important information.Simplify the description of the data set.Analyze the structure of the observations and the variables.In order to achieve these goals, PCA computes new variables called PCA which are obtained as linear combinations of the original variables. (Zou, et al. 2006) proposed a paper about the sparse Principal portion Analysis (PCA). PCA is widely used in data processing and dimensionality reduction. High dimensional spaces show surprising, counter intuitive geometrical properties that have a large fascinate on the performances of data analysis tools. (Freitas 2003) proposed a survey of evolutionary algorithms of data mining and knowledge discovery.The use of GAs for attribute plectrum seems natural. The main reason is that the major source of difficulty in attribute selection is attribute interaction. Then, a simple GA, victimization conventional carrefour and mutation operators, can be used to evolve the population of expectation solutions towards a good att ribute subset. Dimension reduction, as the name suggests, is an recursive technique for reducing the dimensionality of data. The common approaches to dimensionality reduction fall into two main classes.(Chatpatanasiri and Kijsirikul 2010) proposed a unified semi supervised dimensionality reduction framework for manifold learning. The goal of dimensionality reduction is to diminish complexity of insert data while some desired intrinsic information of the data is preserved. (Liu, et al. 2009) proposed a paper about feature selection with dynamic reciprocal information. Feature selection plays an important role in data mining and pattern recognition, particularly for large scale data.Since data mining is capable of identifying new, potential and useful information from datasets, it has been widely used in many areas, such as decision support, pattern recognition and financial forecasts. Feature selection is the process of choosing a subset of the original feature spaces according to discrimination capability to repair the quality of data. Feature reduction refers to the study of methods for reducing the number of dimensions describing data. Its world(a) purpose is to employ fewer features to represent data and reduce computational cost, without deteriorating discriminative capability.(Upadhyay, et al. 2013) proposed a paper about the comparative analysis of variant data stream procedures and motley dimension reduction techniques. In this research, various data stream mining techniques and dimension reduction techniques have been evaluated on the basis of their usage, application parameters and working mechanism. (Shlens 2005) proposed a tutorial on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA has been called one of the most valuable results from applied linear algebra. The goal of PCA is to compute the most meaningful basis to re-express a creaky data set.(Hoque, et al. 2009) proposed an extended HP model for protein structure prediction. This paper proposed a detailed investigation of a lattice-based HP (Hydrophobic Hydrophilic) model for ab initio Protein social structure Prediction (PSP). (Borgwardt, et al. 2005) recommended a paper about protein function prediction via graphical record kernels. Computational approaches to protein function prediction infer protein function by purpose proteins with similar sequence. Simulating the molecular and atomic mechanisms that define the function of a protein is beyond the current knowledge of biochemistry and the capacity of available computational power.(Cutello, et al. 2007) suggested an immune algorithm for Protein Structure Prediction (PSP) on lattice models. When cast as an optimization problem, the PSP can be seen as discovering a protein conformation with minimal energy. (Yamada, et al. 2011) proposed a paper about computationally sufficient dimension reduction via squared-loss mutual information. The purpose of Sufficient Dimension Reduction (SDR) is to find a low dimensional expre ssion of stimulant features that is sufficient for predicting output revalues. (Yamada, et al. 2011) proposed a sufficient component analysis for SDR. In this research, they proposed a novel distribution unacquainted(p) SDR method called Sufficient Component Analysis (SCA), which is computationally more efficient than existing methods.(Chen and Lin 2012) proposed a paper about feature aware tick off Space Dimension Reduction (LSDR) for multi- judge classification. LSDR is an efficient and effective paradigm for multi-label classification with many classes. (Brahma 2012) suggested a study of algorithms for dimensionality reduction. Dimensionality reduction refers to the problems associated with multivariate data analysis as the dimensionality increases.There are huge mathematical challenges has to be encountered with high dimensional datasets. (Zhang, et al. 2013) proposed a framework to inject the information of strong views into gutless ones. Many real applications involve mor e than one modal of data and abundant data with multiple views are at hand. Traditional dimensionality reduction methods can be classified into supervised or unsupervised, depending on whether the label information is used or not.(Danubianu and Pentiuc 2013) proposed a paper about data dimensionality reduction framework for data mining. The high dimensionality of data can set also data overload, and make some data mining algorithms non applicable. Data mining involves the application of algorithms able to detect patterns or rules with a particular proposition means from large amounts of data, and represents one step in knowledge discovery in database process.OBJECTIVES AND SCOPEOBJECTIVESGenerallydimension reduction is the process of reduction of knockout haphazard variable where it can be divided into feature selection and feature extraction. The dimension of the data depends on the number of variables that are stepd on all(prenominal) investigation. While scrutinizing the sta tistical records data accumulated in an extraordinary speed, so dimensionality reduction is an adequate approach for diluting the data.While working with this reduced representation, tasks such as clustering or classification can a lot yield more accurate and readily illustratable results, further the computational be may also be greatly diminished. A different algorithm called Principal Pattern Analysis (PPA) is presented in this research. Hereby the desire of dimension reduction is enclosed.The description of a diminished set of features.For a count of learning algorithms, the training and classification times increase precisely with the number of features.Noisy or inappropriate features can have the same influence on the classification as predictive features, so they will impact negatively on accuracy.SCOPEThe scope of this research is to present an supporting players approach for dimensionality reduction along with pattern classification. Dimensionality reduction is the proc ess of reduction the high dimensional data i.e., having the large features in the datasets which contain the complicate data. The usage of this dimensionality reduction process yields many useful and effective results over the process in mining. The former used many techniques to overcome this dimensionality reduction problem but they are having certain drawbacks to it.The dimensional reduction technique enriches the execution time and yields the optimized result for the high dimensional data. So, the analysis states that sooner going for any clustering process, it is suggested for a dimensional reduction process of the high dimensional datasets. As in the case of dimensionality reduction, there are chances of missing the instruction. So the approach which is used to diminish the dimensions should be more similar to the whole datasets.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe scope of this research is to present an ensemble approach for dimensionality reduction along with the pattern classificatio n. Problems on analyzing High Dimensional Data are,Curse of dimensionalitySome important factors are preoccupiedResult is not accurateResult is having noise.In order to mine the surplus data besides estimating gold nugget (decisions) from data involves several data mining techniques. Generally the dimension reduction is the process of reduction of concentrated random variables where it can be divided into feature selection and feature extraction.PRINCIPAL PATTERN ANALYSISThe Principal Component Analysis decides the weightage of the respective(prenominal) dimension of a database. It is required to reduce the dimension of the data (having less features) in order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of data analysis. Traditional statistical methods partly calls off due to the increase in the number of observations, but mainly because of the increase in number of variables associated with each observation. As a consequence an ideal technique called Principal Pattern Analysis (PPA) is developed which encapsulates feature extraction and feature categorization. Initially it applies Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to extract Eigen vectors similarly to prove pattern categorization theorem the corresponding patterns are segregated.The major difference between the PCA and PPA is the construction of the covariance matriculation. PPA algorithm for the dimensionality reduction along with the pattern classification has been introduced. The step by step procedure has been given as followsCompute the pillar vectors such that each column is with M rows.Locate the column vectors into single matrix X of which each column has M x N dimensions. The empirical mean EX is computed for M x N dimensional matrix.Subsequently the correlation matric Cx is computed for M x N matrix.Consequently the Eigen values and Eigen vectors are calculated for X.By interrupting the estimated results, the PPA algorithm persists by proving the Pattern Analysis theorem. experience EXTRACTIONFeature extraction is an exception form of dimensionality reduction. It is needed when the input data for an algorithm is too large to be processed and it is pretend to be notoriously redundant then the input data will be transformed into a reduced representation set of features. By the way of explanation transforming the input data into the set of features is called feature extraction. It is evaluate that the feature set will extract the relevant information from the input data in order to perform the desired task using the reduced information of the full size input.ESSENTIAL STATISTICS MEASURESCORRELATION ground substanceA correlation matrix is used for pointing the simple correlation r, among all possible pairs of variables included in the analysis also it is a lower triangle matrix. The diagonal elements are usually omitted.BARTLETTS rivulet OF SPHERICIYBartletts test of Sphericity is a test statistic used to examine the hypothesis that the variables are uncorrelated in the populat ion. In other words, the population correlation matric is an identity matrix each variable correlates perfectly with itself but has no correlation with the other variables.KAISER MEYER OLKIN (KMO)KMO is a measure of sampling adequacy, which is an index. It is applied with the aim of examining the appropriateness of factor/Principal Component Analysis (PCA). High values indicate that factor analysis benefits and their value below 0.5 imply that factor suitable may not be suitable.4.3.4MULTI-LEVEL MAHALANOBIS-BASED DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION (MMDR)Multi-level Mahalanobis-based Dimensionality Reduction (MMDR), which is able to reduce the number of dimensions while keeping the precision high and able to effectively handle large datasets.MERITS OF PPAThe advantages of PPA over PCA are,Important features are not missed.Error approximation rate is also very less.It can be applied to high dimensional dataset.Moreover, features are extracted successfully which also gives a pattern categorizati on.CRITERION BASED devil DIMENSIOANL PROTEIN FOLDING USING EXTENDED GAExtensively, protein folding is the method by which a protein structure deduces its functional conformation. Proteins are folded and held bonded by several forms of molecular interactions. Those interactions include the thermodynamic constancy of the complex structure, hydrophobic interactions and the disulphide binders that are formed in proteins. Folding of protein is an intricate and abstruse mechanism. While solving protein folding prediction, the proposed work incorporates Extended transmissible Algorithm with Concealed Markov Model (CMM).The proposed approach incorporates multiple techniques to achieve the goal of protein folding. The steps are,Modified Bayesian compartmentalizationConcealed Markov Model (CMM)Criterion based optimizationExtended Genetic Algorithm (EGA).4.4.1MODIFIED BAYESIAN CLASSIFICATIONModified Bayesian classification method is used grouping of protein sequence into its related domains such as Myoglobin, T4-Lysozyme and H-RAS and so on In Bayesian classification, data is defined by the probability distribution. hazard is calculated that the data element A is a member of classes C, where C = C1, C2 CN. (1)Where, Pc(A) is given as the density of the class C evaluated at each data element.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Engineering Essay

Advantages And Dis benefits Of vital Fluid Chromatography Engineering Essay nevertheless though high exe hop-skipion of instrument runny chromatography is a widely utilise technique for extractions of analytes in many a(prenominal) classes, SFC has clear expediencys over it. In HPLC a substantial marrow of positive solvent is gene stepd with each extraction, which thence needs to be disposed. However, the disposal of the ingrained solvents is expensive at $5 $10 per gallon, whereas SFC offices considerably less or no constitutive(a) solvent which moves to a slack in depth psychology costs 1. In replacement of organic solvents an inert environmentally hail-fellow-well-met wide awake build is utilise, often carbon dioxide which can be dispassionate from the automated teller machineosphere, as it is energy efficient in the isolation of the desired products 2. excessively without the use organic solvents the product is much concentrated comp bed to HPLC where the solvent mustiness be evaporated, without the need to evaporate any solvent there is a reduction in energy and labour costs 2.SFC is similar to fluff chromatography (GC) in that it has a cut down viscousness and higher(prenominal)(prenominal) diffusion coefficient than HPLC which allows for quicker, more efficient separations as it more effective at entering porous impregnable materials than liquid solvents. The separation cartridge clip can be cut down from hours or days to a few tens of minutes 3. As seen in Table 1, supercritical nomadics lie between liquids and gaseous statees, which allows for SFC to use features of both HPLC and GC.Due to supercritical silvers having gas like and liquid like assiduity it has a grand solvating power so SFC has a large(p)r molecular range which allows non-volatile molecules which methods like GC do non include 1, 4. Also, opposed GC which does not analyse thermally unstable compounds, SFC is able to overdue to the low critic al temperatures of supercritical fluids such as carbon dioxide (31oC) 1 an advantage of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide is that it has a varied solvating strength that allows for selective extractions 5. Along with this by altering the temperature and/or pressure it is attainable to happen upon higher selectivity.The range of detectors is also wider for SFC comp atomic number 18d to GC or HPLC this is be acquire in SFC the prompt material body can be liquid or gas like, so GC and HPLC detectors can be employ 1. For example SFC with flame ionisation detection (FID) can provide quantification of resolved materials with a sensitivity of 0.1 ng 4. Due to the range of detectors available for SFC and the low critical temperature of the carbon dioxide rambling build, the detection and analysis of thermally labile compounds has been successful 3, 5.An other(a) advantage SFC has over HPLC is separation of chiral compounds, in HPLC the process is precise time consuming, in SFC how ever, due to the lower viscosity of the supercritical fluids, the chiral separation can be run at a guide rate of up to 5 times faster than that of the HPLC all while overturning pressure build up. The higher flow rate of SFC consequently means that the productivity is higher than HPLC methods 2.When apply in large scale extractions, fluid carbon dioxide can be recycled and then reused this minimize the amount of waste generated 3.PropertyGas critical FluidLiquidDensity g/cm3(0.6-2) x 10-30.2-0.50.6-1.6Diffusion Coefficient cm2/s(1-4) x 10-110-3-10-4(0.2-2) x 10-5Viscosity g cm-1 s-1(1-3) x 10-4(1-3) x 10-4(0.2-3) x 10-2Table 1 Comparison of Properties of Supercritical Fluids, Liquids and Gases 1Due to the fact that SFC has features of both GC and HPLC, SFC has diversity in the editorials that can be used which ar both open tubular (GC) or packed (HPLC). In packed towboat SFC by choosing suitable column dimensions and particle size 6, this can typesetters case an growth in the number of theoretical plates (over 100,000) 2, 6.Further advantage is SFC is very clean expeditious var. contaminants are usually trace quantities of other gases. The mobile class is very free of fade away oxygen and is not particularly reactive and the mobile bod is easily and rapidly remove 2.A disadvantage of using carbon dioxide as the mobile stage is it does not elute very opposite or ionic compounds this is subjugate by using an organic changer.However, there are some disadvantages of SFC these include that if molecules are highly polar they are not soluble in the mobile arrange.Usually SFC only moves a small amount of a large specimen onto the columnLimited availabilityHowever, these limitations defy been stamp down through instrumental modifications that more appropriately address purifications of micro-scale and nano-scale quantities of physiological molecules. to a greater extent sophisticated 2D systems (2D-SFC) allow for the interfacing of 2 SFC columns having different column coatings or packing and thus provide for orthogonal separation capabilities 2.Instrumentation used in SFCOriginally, SFC instruments were based on HPLC forges with some modifications, however now the design includes a nitty-grittying system, record changer module, post-column nozzle and a separator detector 2.The mobile phase in SFC is pumped as a liquid and then het up(p) up past supercritical temperature until it reaches the supercritical region. The mobile phase passes through the injection valve before the sample is introduced, which carries the sample into the analytical column. To witness the mobile phase stays supercritical, pressure restrictors are placed at the sides of the detector or at the end of the column. The pressure restrictors are heated as too rid of clogging 7.As SFC uses a supercritical fluid as mobile phase, there are both possible types of column setup peerless setup is HPLC like which consist of two reciprocating pumps these al low the mobile phase to mix and the introduction of a auto-changer, a packed column which are placed in an oven the detector used is an optical detector and the pressure and flow rates can be controlled separately 7. Packed column SFC has recently become popular over again over the past decade due to drug discovery and the pharmaceutical industry, as it offers the use of an environmentally friendly mobile phase, carbon dioxide, decrease in waste generation and provides purified materials even on a large scale, when used for drug discovery packed SFC is usually coupled with a mass spectrometer detector 2, 8. In SFC there are lower eluent viscosity and higher diffusion coefficient which as a result lead to an increase in efficiency and a shorter separation time, the low viscosity causes only slight pressure drops which in turn allows for the flow rate to be quicker (3-5 mL min-1) compared to that of HPLC (typically 1 mL min-1) 1, 8.The other column setup is capillary vessel SFC whi ch is an extension of GC that includes a syringe pump and a capillary column inside a GC oven with a restrictor with a flame ionisation detector (FID), however, in capillary SFC the flow rate of the pump controls the pressure of the system 6, 7. Other detection methods are also used for capillary SFC one method is Fourier transform unseeable (FT-IR) spectrometry. Capillary SFC is used for high separation power and is more meet for fluids with low niggardness. However, capillary columns have some limitations these include sample incumbrance potentiality, detection limits and quantitation 6, 7.As mentioned FID is mostly used for capillary SFC, although in certain(prenominal) cases FID can be used with packed column SFC when a non-flammable mobile phase is used. However, the mobile phase that is used is usually carbon dioxide which requires an organic qualifier to deactivate any unbounded silanol groups in the nonmoving phase 10 thus causing the mobile phase to become flammable this in turn causes a high background signal and a departure of sensitivity. Alternatively, modifiers like esters or lower alcohols can be used in packed column SFC in order to improve the elution of polar compounds 9. However, to avoid the use of modifiers, open-tubular capillary columns can be used, since silanol groups are not designate in the unmoving phase 10.Compared to capillary columns, packed columns display higher efficiency per unit time also separations can be transported presently from analytical or preparative liquid chromatography (LC) to SFC. Moreover, a standard liquid chromatograph can easily be converted into a supercritical fluid chromatograph 11.It has was found that certain separations that were developed on a 50 m i.d. capillary column can be repeated with the same or better performance on a 1 mm i.d. (microbore) packed column. The packed column system has the accessoryal advantage of yielding smooth peak area precision. It is also shown that the combin ation of water and formic sour is an effective modifier for carbon dioxide which can be used with FID 6.A study using the water and formic acid modifier was conducted by H. E. Schwartz et al. formic acid is used as it has low background illegitimate enterprise and therefore is more favourable, however another problem arises when using this modifier and that large gradient humps appeared during the run, these were most probably because of organic impurities in formic acid. A way round this problem is that water is added to the carbon dioxide via the use of an aquafier system, the aquafier system used by H. E. Schwartz et al. was a 15 cm x 4.6 mm i.d. silica column (100-200 mesh) that was saturated with ca. 40% w/w water. The column was placed between the pump outlet and injection valve. A trial mixture of the formic acid and water modifier was performed by H. E. Schwartz et al. and prodcued the chromatogram as seen in Figure 16.Figure 1 Chromatogram of a test mixture of formic a cid/water/ carbon dioxide mobile phase. peak identification (from left to right) n-eicosane, anthraquinone, n-triacontane, tocopherol acetate, cholesterol 6.In Figure 1 the baseline rises this was due to the pressure program used, however due to the appendage of water to the mobile phase which prevented the accumulation of formic acid on the head of the column no hump is visible. In Figure 1 it can also be seen that all the peaks have good name and resolution even for the more polar compounds like anthraquinone, tocopherol acetate and cholesterol 6.Mobile phases and stationary phases used in SFCIn SFC the density of the mobile phase is about 200-500 times greater to that in gas chromatography. Compounds with high molecular weights are not usually detectable in gas chromatography, however with the density of the mobile phase being greater they can therefore be chromatographed 12. A wide range of compounds have been tested for use as SFC mobile phases, however, a variety of these m andatory special conditions, and would therefore not be suitable. This resulted in carbon dioxide carbon dioxide being used as it was easily obtainable, low cost and safe(p) 13, along with the critical temperature being 31oC and critical pressure being 73.8 atm 14. A problem with carbonic acid gas as a mobile phase in a packed column is that if CO2 mobilizes a species then there is a possibility that the compound will be irreversibly sorbed onto the column, this is because of the high activity of most sorbents, this does not happen in capillary SFC as inert fused silica open-tubular column are used. To avoid adsorption onto the column, surface activity needs to be decreased this has been achieved by using modifiers 14.There are two main reasons why modifiers are added to the mobile phase, first is that only a small amount of modifier is added in order to deactivate the sorbent active sites, second is when the modifier is added in higher concentrations (level of modifier needed i s 1%)it improves the solubility of the analyte in the mobile phase 14.One problem with using modifiers is they have a high response when a FID is used this high response causes an increase in the baseline. The alternative to using FID which helps relieve this problem is the use of a ultra-violet absorption detector, although it is not as applicable to organic compounds compared to FID 14. This is only confessedly for packed SFC, as when capillary SFC is used most separations are do using only CO2, which is compatible with FID. Having only CO2 as the solid phase can cause slight defects on the chromatograms such as very broad peaks and not well resolved, as well as longer retention times, this is solved by adding a small amount of water to the mobile phase, hence improving the peaks and decreasing the retention time 12.Modifiers which can be used with the mobile phase include methanol, acetonitrile, anaesthetise and formic acid. Methanol is the most popular modifier being used in both packed and capillary SFC, even though the addition of water speeds up elution of polar compounds in capillary SFC 12 methanol has a greater effect when used with silica-packed columns 14. The solubility of methanol, acetonitrile and anesthetise in CO2 was studied by K. L. Maguire and R. B. Denyszyn, they found out that when the pressure is below 90 for methanol/CO2 there was little effect on solubility, notwithstanding when raised above 90 there was a substantial increase. Acetonitrile/CO2 had very little pressure dependence but small temperature dependence. Finally, chloroform/CO2 both pressure and temperature had a small effect on solubility, when either was raised the solubility of chloroform increased 14.Research by G. L. Pariente and P. R. Griffiths showed when carboxylic acid groups were present in the analyte the retention time was greatly increased while still using CO2 mobile phase. The cause of this could be due to that the solubility of these polar molecules is low and the solvation is not great enough to overcome the strong hydrogen bonds. The alternative mobile phase used was chlorofluorocarbon (CCl2F2), in comparison to CO2 which had a capacity mover greater than 20 for isophthalic acid CCl2F2 had a capacity factor of 3.9. These results suggest that CCl2F2 has sufficient free energy of solvation to overcome the hydrogen bonds 14.Even though CO2 is the most extensively used mobile phase it is no more polar than hexane 15, so alternatives including CCl2F2 have been investigated, however the critical temperatures must not be too high as one of the main advantages of SFC is that elution can take place at mild temperatures. some other example is ammonia (NH3), as it possesses a high dipole consequence and relatively low critical temperature, however supercritical NH3 reacts with siloxane linkages and when left for an elongated time the siloxane stationary phase for capillary SFC breaks down too 14. Therefore, a more useful way of eluting po lar compounds is CO2 and the use of a modifier 15.For packed SFC more or less all of the stationary phases used in HPLC are used in SFC, most of these are silica-based, chemically bonded or encapsulated, or polymeric 8. Evaluation of stationary phases of SFC was before carried out by Schoenmakers et al. this was however, only done using pure CO2 as the mobile phase, and certain phases did not perform well, if a modifier was used these phases would have performed better.When CO2 and a modifier is used as a mobile phase the stationary phase also becomes change in that both CO2 and the modifier adsorb onto the stationary phase. Depending on the stationary phase depends on the level of adsorption, for CO2 all phases adsorb the same but more polar phases adsorb more modifier than less polar phases. This causes the stationary phase to become more polar than the mobile phase, which in turn will cause polar solutes to interact more with stationary phase increasing retention time.Other sta tionary phases that have been studied include octadecylsiloxane-bonded silica (ODS), cyanopropylsiloxane- bonded silica, divinylbenzene-ODS, polydimethylsiloxane and porous graphitic carbon (PGC) stationary phases in supercritical 8.In capillary SFC a problem arises in that normal GC stationary phases dissolve in the supercritical fluid mobile phase as they have a high solvating power. In order to correct the problem a non-extractable stationary phase is needed, examples of this are bonded phase where the stationary phase is attached to the column to surface groups via covalent bonds and cross linked phase where polymer chains within the stationary phase are attached to each other.In order to create non-extractable stationary phase, the process of coating must be undertaken, there are two types of coating, dynamic and static. The most favoured for SFC is static, as dynamic can lead to pathetic column efficiency and a thick stationary phase is not possible. In static coating the sta tionary phase is first dissolved in supercritical fluid and forced into the column, to avoid the removal of the phase cross link phase is used as it occurs between the polymers and not between polymer and substrate, and therefore can be applied to glass and fused silica columns 16.Conclusion

The Destructive Nature of Man Depicted in Keyes Flowers for Algernon E

Imagine how you would impression if you were al ways being hardened as though you were not hu troops, or if people acted as though they created you. Well this is how you would feel if you were the subject of a science experiment. Science experiments should not be performed on hu humans or animals because of the unkn make popcome. Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes shows a erosive reputation of man by stereotypes, absence seizure of family, and the mingled IQ levels needed to mature. Scientific experimentation shows a destructive temper of man with stereotypes. Stereotypes atomic number 18 cruel and heartless. He makes the same mistakes as the others when they flavour at a feeble-minded person and express joy because they dont infer there are human feelings involved. He doesnt realise I was a person before I came here. (Keyes, 145) Before the surgery Charlie was looked buck upon because of his moral state. However, after the surgery he is treated like he was made by t he scientists, as though he was their rattling own Frankenstein. This is a destructive spirit of man because after the surgery Charlie finds out that his so called friends have been qualification play of him his whole life. Stereotypes show a destructive nature of man. People with mental illness are portrayed as burdens to society and incapable of add in positive ways to their communities. (Edney) Through this book the reader knows this report is false, because Charlie is able to function slightly well in society, considering he has a job and he is doing very well there. Stereotypes show a destructive nature of man because they understate people and make them feel worthless. in that respect is a destructive nature of man is shown in Daniel Keyes Flowers for Algernon through the absence of family. Sci... ...es not necessarily incriminate just a fully big up individual it is a combination of age, awareness, in averigence and decision make ability. (V, Jayram) when you are intelligent you are able to become mature. When Charlie is trying to find whether or not to tell Donner about Gimpy, this shows he is becoming more mature because of his decision making ability. This proves that there is a destructive nature of man shown through the various IQ levels needed to mature.In the end, Charlie is returned to his forward mental state proving that scientific experimentation leads to a destructive nature of man. In Flowers for Algernon Daniel Keyes shows the reader a destructive nature of man through stereotypes, absence of family, and the various IQ levels needed to mature. Therefore, science experiments should be left-hand(a) for chemicals and labs not humans and animals. The mischievous Nature of Man Depicted in Keyes Flowers for Algernon EImagine how you would feel if you were always being treated as though you were not human, or if people acted as though they created you. Well this is how you would feel if you were the subj ect of a science experiment. Science experiments should not be performed on humans or animals because of the unknown outcome. Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes shows a destructive nature of man through stereotypes, absence of family, and the various IQ levels needed to mature. Scientific experimentation shows a destructive nature of man through stereotypes. Stereotypes are cruel and heartless. He makes the same mistakes as the others when they look at a feeble-minded person and laugh because they dont understand there are human feelings involved. He doesnt realise I was a person before I came here. (Keyes, 145) Before the surgery Charlie was looked down upon because of his mental state. However, after the surgery he is treated like he was made by the scientists, as though he was their very own Frankenstein. This is a destructive nature of man because after the surgery Charlie finds out that his so called friends have been making fun of him his whole life. Stereotypes show a destr uctive nature of man. People with mental illness are depicted as burdens to society and incapable of contributing in positive ways to their communities. (Edney) Through this book the reader knows this statement is false, because Charlie is able to function fairly well in society, considering he has a job and he is doing very well there. Stereotypes show a destructive nature of man because they belittle people and make them feel worthless.There is a destructive nature of man is shown in Daniel Keyes Flowers for Algernon through the absence of family. Sci... ...es not necessarily mean just a fully grown up individual it is a combination of age, awareness, intelligence and decision making ability. (V, Jayram) when you are intelligent you are able to become mature. When Charlie is trying to decide whether or not to tell Donner about Gimpy, this shows he is becoming more mature because of his decision making ability. This proves that there is a destructive nature of man shown through th e various IQ levels needed to mature.In the end, Charlie is returned to his previous mental state proving that scientific experimentation leads to a destructive nature of man. In Flowers for Algernon Daniel Keyes shows the reader a destructive nature of man through stereotypes, absence of family, and the various IQ levels needed to mature. Therefore, science experiments should be left for chemicals and labs not humans and animals.

Deir El Mdina Essay -- essays research papers

Deir El MedinaDescribe the closure of Deir El Medina. The resolution of Deir El Medina grew from the time of the 18th Dynasty to the 20th. By its net stage near 70 houses stood within the resolution walls and 50 outside. peradventure 600 people lived hither by then. A wall surrounded the village approximately sise meters high make of mud-brick. Gates were laid at each end.The villages of Deir El Medina made up a special political science department chthonian the vizier of Upper Egypt, and were a select largely transmissible group of scribes, quarrymen, st matchlessmasons, artisans, and labourers, who created the final resting place for their divine rulers.Describe in specific a typical workers house at Deir El Medina. Most of the houses in Deir El Medina were built in a standard elongated design, 15 by 5 meters. They had rubble bases and mud brick superstructures, and shared walls kindred immediatelys work bench housing. Each of these houses would behave the follow ing features. Down some(prenominal) steps from the path was an entrance manner, with niches for religious offerings, stalae and busts. Often there were painted images, sometimes of the god Bes. A low bed-like structure has suggested to some archaeologists that the entrance room was besides use as a birthing room. A portal led into the main room of the house, with raised dais by one wall, plastered and whitewashed. Against other wall whitethorn have been a wee altar and offering table and niches for household gods. A minuscule basement was a great deal located under this room, approached by a small flying of steps and cover by a wooden trapdoor.Several small rooms whitethorn have led off the main room, by chance for sleeping, work or storage. At the rear was a small walled court, which served as the kitchen. It contained an oven for baking bread, a small grain storage silo, a container for peeing and grinding equipment. another(prenominal) family shrine and another sma ll cellar may also have been here.A staircase led to the roof where the family competency sleep or store goods. Windows were normally set high in the walls with a grill. though the outside of the houses was whitewashed, traces of paintings have been found in the interior(a) walls.Refer to draw 1.1What type of piece of furniture existed in such a household? The furniture was generally well made and oft attractively crafted. Nobles furniture was often inlaid with semi-precious stones and ivory and the villages often copied ... ... and grape juice were commonly consumed by workers- wines were more expensive. Spices and herbs were used such as cinnamon, cumin and thyme.ENTERTAINMENT- on that point is rich information about leisure pursuits of Egyptian nobility. They hunt down wild bouncing such as the ibex, ostriches, gazelles, hares and wildfowl, and fished in the Nile. It is not accredited if the villagers shared these pursuits. Villagers enjoyed practice of medicine f rom instruments such as the harp, lyre, lute, flute and drum. Board games such as senet were also popular.What was Egyptian Family life like? Houses held five to sextuplet people provided burials often included at least common chord generations. Marriages were generally arranged. There was no ceremony but complex licit arrangements were made. Divorce was unproblematic reasons given range from adultery to infertility or simple apathy. Women had massive legal, economic and social status. Some even come out of the closeted to be literate. Children played like they do in every culture to that extent are often shown performing light work. Boys were educated in a nearby temple where they were taught reading, writing and arithmetic. Squabbles between families, and even within families appear to have been rather common. Deir El Mdina Essay -- essays research papers Deir El MedinaDescribe the village of Deir El Medina. The village of Deir El Medina grew from the ti me of the 18th Dynasty to the 20th. By its final stage approximately 70 houses stood within the village walls and 50 outside. Perhaps 600 people lived here by then. A wall surrounded the village approximately six meters high built of mud-brick. Gates were located at each end.The villages of Deir El Medina made up a special government department under the vizier of Upper Egypt, and were a select largely hereditary group of scribes, quarrymen, stonemasons, artisans, and labourers, who created the final resting place for their divine rulers.Describe in detail a typical workers house at Deir El Medina. Most of the houses in Deir El Medina were built in a standard elongated design, 15 by 5 meters. They had rubble bases and mud brick superstructures, and shared walls like todays terrace housing. Each of these houses would have the following features. Down several steps from the street was an entrance room, with niches for offerings, stalae and busts. Often there were painted images, somet imes of the god Bes. A low bed-like structure has suggested to some archaeologists that the entrance room was also used as a birthing room. A doorway led into the main room of the house, with raised dais by one wall, plastered and whitewashed. Against another wall may have been a small altar and offering table and niches for household gods. A small cellar was often located under this room, approached by a small flight of steps and covered by a wooden trapdoor.Several small rooms may have led off the main room, possibly for sleeping, work or storage. At the rear was a small walled court, which served as the kitchen. It contained an oven for baking bread, a small grain storage silo, a container for water and grinding equipment. Another family shrine and another small cellar may also have been here.A staircase led to the roof where the family might sleep or store goods. Windows were normally set high in the walls with a grill. Though the outside of the houses was whitewashed, traces of paintings have been found in the interior walls.Refer to diagram 1.1What type of furniture existed in such a household? The furniture was generally well made and often beautifully crafted. Nobles furniture was often inlaid with semi-precious stones and ivory and the villages often copied ... ... and grape juice were commonly consumed by workers- wines were more expensive. Spices and herbs were used such as cinnamon, cumin and thyme.ENTERTAINMENT- There is abundant information about leisure pursuits of Egyptian nobility. They hunted wild game such as the ibex, ostriches, gazelles, hares and wildfowl, and fished in the Nile. It is not certain if the villagers shared these pursuits. Villagers enjoyed music from instruments such as the harp, lyre, lute, flute and drum. Board games such as senet were also popular.What was Egyptian Family life like? Houses held five to six people yet burials often included at least three generations. Marriages were generally arranged. There was no cerem ony but complex legal arrangements were made. Divorce was simple reasons given range from adultery to infertility or simple apathy. Women had considerable legal, economic and social status. Some even appeared to be literate. Children played like they do in every culture yet are often shown performing light work. Boys were educated in a nearby temple where they were taught reading, writing and arithmetic. Squabbles between families, and even within families appear to have been quite common.