Death Penalty :: essays research papers fc

                                                                                                                                       Death Penalty     In 1972, the Supreme Court declared that under therefore animated laws "the imposition and carrying out of the last penalty ... constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments." The majority of the Court concentrated its object ions on the way decease-penalty laws had been applied, finding the result so "harsh and freakish" as to be constitutionally unacceptable.           In 1976 more than 600 people had been sentenced to death under crude capital-punishment statutes that provided guidance for the jurys sentencing decision. These statutes typically require a two-stage trial procedure, in which the jury first determines guilt or innocence and then chooses imprisonment or death in the light of aggravating or relieve circumstances. Executions proceeded through and throughout 1977 and in the early 1990s nearly 3000 people were sentenced to that death penalty and more then 180 had been executed. The death penalty does not arise from misplaced sympathy for convicted murderers. Murder demonstrates a lack of respect for human life. For this very reason, murder is despicable, and whatever policy of state-authorized cleanups is immoral.      &nb sp         The death penalty could also be a good thing. If crazy people out there realize what the high consequences are for killing someone they may think twice before acting on hurting someone. Most people dont know which side to go on when it comes to the death penalty. Of course if it has to do with your family or close friends you will have no question about whether or not you should spare someones life that didnt spare your family section or close friends. People should suffer the way they made their victims suffer to see what it feels like to know theyre going to die. To feel the pain the victim went through the moment they acted on their rage of having to hurt someone.      Capital punishment does not stop crime, and the death penalty is uncivilized in theory and unfair. I do not think it is right no matter what the person did to sentence them to death.

Plagiarism Essay -- essays research papers

PlagiarismWriting can be a difficult task for some people. For those people, onwards they start writing, the first thing they do is probably idea gathering, maybe looking for relate article on newspaper or magazine, look up some definition in the dictionary, check the World Wide Web, or even take a trip to the library. Often, they found what they ar looking for, and forrader they know it, they start copying it, maybe a couple of word, few sentence, other peoples idea, or they even copy the whole thing. peck often want to take things they like, it is part of human nature. But there are a big different between wanting to than actually taking it without permission, this kind of action is called plagiarism.Plagiarism is defined as an act of stealing or using another authors ideas or words without that writers permission or giving that writer credit for those ideas or words. It doesnt matter whether you copied an entire article or you just copied a sentence, without right citation to show another writers credit, you have committed a crime of stealing. Just like the ordinary law, it is not what or how ofttimes you have stole, it is the action and the intention of stealing.There are different kinds of plagiarism, laziness and sloppiness usually cause some people starting plagiarizing without even realizing they are doing it, this. It is usually the act of copying ideas or the sentences of another writer. These kinds of people are the one...

Foreshadowing in Flannery O Connors A Good Man Is Hard to Find Essays

Foreshadowing in Flannery O Connors A Good Man Is Hard to FindFlannery O Connor, a native of Georgia was superstar of the most prolific writers of the twentieth century. As a strict Catholic, O Connor often displayed a sense of spiritual corruption within the characters in most of her stories. matchless of O Connors famous stories, A Good Man Is Hard to Find, reveals the image of spiritual deficiency inherent in the characters which foreshadowed a bloody end. The grandmother communicated the warning of the Misfit, that her activities itself were various signs of foreshadowing of the end approaching. The grandmother warned about the Misfit in the first paragraph of the story Here this fellow c solelys himself the Misfit is loose from the federal pen and headed toward Florida and you demo here what it says he did to these people. This was the first sign of an obvious foreshadowing element at the start of the story which was ignored by ein truthbody, even by the messenger herself. On the day of the trip to Florida, the grandmother was the first one to be in the car and in any case dressed very nicely with.....a navy blue-blooded straw sailor hat with a bunch of etiolate violets on the brim and a navy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet.People usually are found to be dressed in their best outfits and especially found carrying flowers at the time of their death. In reality, it would not be necessary to wear very decent clothing for the purpose of going on a long trip.Next, the place where the family was traveling through had elements which were predicting the doom foretold in the ... ...hing wrong, but still she had to convey death just like Jesus did. His statement was a statement with a hidden sense of foreshadowing concerning the grandmothers murder. The grandmother begged the Misfit for mercy an d told him, Ill give you all the money Ive got His reply was, There never was a body that give the undertaker a tip, which was his way of foreshadowing her near death.Thus, Flannery OConnor used strong tomography to provide foreshadowing to her readers of the inevitable ending of her A Good Man Is Hard to Find. She first gave her readers a taste of the ending by mentioning the behavior and activities of the characters and also by describing the place of the familys last place of visit on earth, which built her readers curiosity. Her foreshadowing images are both strong and obscure so as not to spoil the surprising ending of the story.

Color blind by the Counting Crows Essays -- song analysis

I am colorblindCoffee black and egg white clout me out from insideI am ready (repeat 3 times)I am taffy stuck and tongue tiedStutter shook and uptightPull me out from insideI am ready (repeat 3 times)I am fineI am covered in skinNo adept gets to come inPull me out from insideI am folded and unfolded and unfoldingI am colorblindCoffee black and egg whitePull me out from insideI am ready (repeat 3 times)I am fine (repeat 3 times)     The song Colorblind by The Counting Crows nothing less than perfect for the picture it was chosen for in the film Cruel Intentions. It was played was one of the films main characters lost her virginity to another character. Though it was a beautiful fit for the scene which it played upon I dont believe the meaning behind the song is the newness of being deflowered. The lyrics and the instrumentals accompanying them are both extremely simple in contrast to the actual meaning behind the song. To be quite succinct, the song itself is re latively simple but it is the meaning and the effort put forth in each and every line that makes it so deep.      In the first line, "I am colorblind (1), this is a clear depiction the song generators (Adam Duritz) perception of everything. His emotions ready been dulled due to pains of the past cnsequently renderring him cold and unfeeling. He sees everything as it is there is simply no middle ground or grey commonwealth when it comes to life. This can be seen in the following line, Coffee black and egg white" (2) He sees everything just as it is presented, not for what it could be if viewed differently with an sacrifice mind and open heart. Coffee black is a representation of how he merely sees the black of the coffee, as opposed to perceiving the richness, aroma, or other detectable qualities.      The next two lines, "Pull me out from inside. / I am ready, I am ready, I am ready" (3-4) signifies the fact he is in a cha racter with a wall of defense up. He does not want to let his guard down, leaving him vulnerable to the pain that only a loved one can bring. In the next line when he says he is ready for love three times, this is an indication of the fact that he is ready to succumb to the causality and the feeling of love. He indeed is apprehensive about the situation and is having... ...es metaphorical use to promote the ambiguity of his subject matter.     Imagery is also present deep down the context of the song. The imagery portrayed in this song because it allows the listener visualize this scenario and his emotions. Phrases like coffee black and egg white which is repeated twice in the song, enables the listener to envision the message hes trying to convey.     Refrain is one of the characteristic components of many lyrical compositions, whether poetry or song. The refrain set in this song is when the writer repeated the phrase I am ready three tim es this is the key phrase that most accurately expresses the writers mentality, thus dictating the tone of the song. The repetition only serves to the purpose of reinforcing the message.      The song, once again, is quite simple but it is this simplicity that makes the song as powerful as it is. It was very well written and every musical instrument that accompanied the song was epic. This piece of work is truly a masterpiece.                 

Nuclear Fusion :: essays research papers

Nuclear FusionFor a fusion reaction to take place, the nuclei, which are positively charged,must gull enough kinetic energy to overcome their electrostatic force ofrepulsion. This can occur either when one nucleus is accelerated to toweringenergies by an accelerating device, or when the energies of both nuclei areraised by the application of very high temperature. The latter method, referredto the application of thermonuclear fusion, is the source of a skunk of reallycool energy. Enough energy is produced in thermonuclear fusion to suck the paintof 1 city block of houses and give all of the residents standing(prenominal) orange Afros.The sun is a example of thermonuclear fusion in nature. If I was a atom, I couldonly wish to be in a thermonuclear reaction. Thermonuclear reactions occur whena proton is accelerated and collides with another proton and then the twoprotons fuse, forming a deuterium nucleus which has a proton, neutrino and lotsof energy. I have no idea what a deuteri um nucleus is, but is must be 10 timescooler than just a regular nucleus. such(prenominal) a reaction is not self sustainingbecause the released energy is not readily imparted to other nuclei.thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium will produce a atomic number 2 nucleus andan energetic neutron that can help sustain further fusion. This is the basicprincipal of the hydrogen bomb which employs a brief, controlled thermonuclearfusion reaction. This was also how the elevator car in the Back to the Future movieworked. It had a much more sophisticated system of producing a fusion reactionfrom things like, sr. coffee grounds, bananas, and old beer cans. Thermonuclearreactions depend on high energies, and the possibility of a low-temperaturenuclear fusion has generally been discounted. Little does the scientificcommunity know about my experiments. I have produced cold fusion in my basementwith things like stale bread, milk, peanut butter and flat Pepsi. I have beenable to produce a ten-megaton reaction which as little as a saltine cracker andsome grass clippings. But enough about my discoveries. Early in 1989 twoelectrochemists shock the scientific world by claiming to achieve a room-temperature fusion in a simple laboratory. They had little proof to back uptheir discovery, and were not ascribe with their so-called accomplishment. Thetwo scientists were Stanley Pons of the university of Utah and MartinFleischmann of the University of Southampton in England. They described theirexperiment as involving platinum electrodes an electrochemical cell in whichpalladium and platinum were immersed in heavy water. These two losers said that

Nuclear Fusion :: essays research papers

Nuclear FusionFor a fusion reaction to take place, the nuclei, which ar positively charged,must have enough kinetic energy to overcome their electrostatic force ofrepulsion. This can occur either when one nucleus is intensify to highenergies by an accelerating device, or when the energies of both nuclei areraised by the application of very high temperature. The latter method, referredto the application of thermonuclear fusion, is the source of a lot of re every last(predicate)ycool energy. Enough energy is conveyd in thermonuclear fusion to suck the paintof 1 city block of houses and give all of the residents permanent orange Afros.The sun is a example of thermonuclear fusion in nature. If I was a atom, I couldonly wish to be in a thermonuclear reaction. Thermonuclear reactions occur whena proton is accelerated and collides with a nonher proton and then the 2protons fuse, forming a deuterium nucleus which has a proton, neutrino and lotsof energy. I have no idea what a deuterium nucleus is, but is must be 10 timescooler than just a ceaseless nucleus. Such a reaction is not self sustainingbecause the released energy is not readily imparted to other nuclei.thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium will produce a helium nucleus andan energetic neutron that can help sustain further fusion. This is the basicprincipal of the hydrogen bomb which employs a brief, controlled thermonuclearfusion reaction. This was in any case how the car in the Back to the Future movieworked. It had a much more sophisticated system of producing a fusion reactionfrom things like, old java grounds, bananas, and old beer cans. Thermonuclearreactions depend on high energies, and the possibility of a low-temperaturenuclear fusion has generally been discounted. Little does the scientificcommunity know intimately my experiments. I have produced cold fusion in my basementwith things like stale bread, milk, peanut butter and flat Pepsi. I have beenable to produce a ten-megaton reactio n which as little as a saltine cracker andsome grass clippings. But enough about my discoveries. Early in 1989 twoelectrochemists startled the scientific world by claiming to achieve a room-temperature fusion in a simple laboratory. They had little proof to back uptheir discovery, and were not credited with their so-called accomplishment. Thetwo scientists were Stanley Pons of the university of Utah and MartinFleischmann of the University of Southampton in England. They described theirexperiment as involving atomic number 78 electrodes an electrochemical cell in whichpalladium and platinum were immersed in heavy water. These two losers said that

Computer Ethics and Information Systems

Computer Ethics and In twistation Security a. Introduction The reflexion of computing device estimable motive fundamentally emerged with the birth of data processors. There was concern right away that reckoners would be used inappropriately to the detriment of orderliness compromising incourseation security, or that they would re unseasoned humans in many jobs, resulting in widespread job loss. Ethics- Guidelines or rules of conduct that govern our lives, work, behavior and communication in both public and one-on-one undertaking. Ethics be a set of moral principles that govern an individual or a group on what is acceptable behaviour while exploitation a computing device.Computer ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the usage of computers. One of the common issues of computer ethics is violation of copyright issues. Duplicating copyrighted subject field without the authors approval, accessing personal information of others are some of the examples that violate ethical principles. Security is the degree of protective covering to safeguard a nation, union of nations, persons or person against danger, damage, loss, and crime. Security as a form of protection are structures and processes that provide or improve security as a condition. randomness security centre protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction Computer Ethics- is a branch of practical philosophy which deals with how computing firsts should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct. b. Discussion Computer Ethics Ethics deals with placing a value on acts according to whether they are good or bad. Every society has its rules round whether certain acts are ethical or non.These rules grow been instaled as a result of consensus in society and are often preserve into fair plays. When computers first began to be used in society at large, the abse nce of ethical standards about their use and related issues caused some problems. However, as their use became widespread in every facet of our lives, discussions in computer ethics resulted in some kind of a consensus. Today, many of these rules flummox been formulated as laws, each national or international. Computer crimes and computer fraud are now common endpoints. There are laws against them, and veryone is responsible for knowing what constitutes computer crime and computer fraud. The Ten Commandments of computer ethics have been defined by the Computer Ethics Institute. Here is our interpretation of them 1) potassium shalt non use a computer to harm other muckle If it is unethical to harm people by making a bomb, for example, it is equally bad to write a program that handles the measure of the bomb. Or, to put it more simply, if it is bad to steal and destroy other peoples books and notebooks, it is equally bad to access and destroy their files. ) Thou shalt not step in with other peoples computer work Computer viruses are small programs that disrupt other peoples computer work by destroying their files, taking gigantic amounts of computer time or memory, or by simply displaying annoying messages. Generating and consciously spreading computer viruses is unethical. 3) Thou shalt not snoop around in other peoples files Reading other peoples e-mail messages is as bad as opening and reading their letters This is invading their secretiveness. Obtaining other peoples non-public files should be judged the same way as breaking into their rooms and stealing their documents.Text documents on the Internet may be protected by encryption. 4) Thou shalt not use a computer to steal Using a computer to break into the accounts of a company or a bank and transferring silver should be judged the same way as robbery. It is illegal and there are strict laws against it. 5) Thou shalt not use a computer to bear pretended witness The Internet ass spread untruth a s fast as it tin can spread truth. Putting out false information to the field is bad. For instance, spreading false rumors about a person or false propaganda about historical reddents is wrong. ) Thou shalt not use or copy computer software system for which you have not paid Software is an intellectual product. In that way, it is like a book Obtaining illegal copies of copyrighted software is as bad as photocopying a copyrighted book. There are laws against both. instruction about the copyright owner can be embedded by a process cal direct watermarking into pictures in the digital format. 7) Thou shalt not use other peoples computer resources without agency Multiuser systems use user ids and passwords to enforce their memory and time allocations, and to safeguard information.You should not try to bypass this authorization system. Hacking a system to break and bypass the authorization is unethical. 8) Thou shalt not appropriate other peoples intellectual output For example, th e programs you write for the projects assigned in this course are your own intellectual output. Copying somebody elses program without proper authorization is software piracy and is unethical. gifted property is a form of ownership, and may be protected by copyright laws. ) Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you write You have to think about computer issues in a more general social framework Can the program you write be used in a way that is harmful to society? For example, if you are working for an animation house, and are producing animated films for children, you are responsible for their contents. Do the animations include scenes that can be harmful to children? In the United States, the Communications Decency Act was an attempt by lawmakers to ban certain types of content from Internet websites to protect young children from harmful material.That law was struck down because it violated the free speech principles in that countrys constitution. The dis cussion, of course, is going on. 10) Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show consideration and compliments Just like public buses or banks, people using computer communications systems may find themselves in situations where there is some form of queuing and you have to wait for your turn and generally be nice to other people in the environment. The occurrence that you cannot see the people you are interacting with does not loaded that you can be rude to them. Ethical Issues - Computers in the Workplace Computer Crime Privacy and Anonymity Intellectual Property Professional Responsibility globalization Computers in the Workplace. Computers can pose a threat to jobs as people feel they may be replaced by them. However, the computer industry already has generated a wide variety of new jobs. When computers do not eliminate a job, they can radically alter it. In addition to job security concerns, some other workplace concern is health and safety. It is a computer ethics issue to consider how computers impact health and job satisfaction when information engine room is introduced into a workplace.Computer Crime. With the proliferation of computer viruses, spyware, phishing and fraud schemes, and hacking activity from every location in the world, computer crime and security are certainly topics of concern when discussing computer ethics. Besides outsiders, or political hacks, many computer crimes, such as embezzlement or planting of logic bombs, are committed by trusted personnel who have authorization to use company computer systems. Privacy and Anonymity. One of the earliest computer ethics topics to arouse public interest was privacy.The ease and efficiency with which computers and networks can be used to gather, store, search, compare, retrieve, and share personal information make computer technology especially threatening to anyone who wishes to keep personal information out of the public theatre of operations or out of the hands of those who are pe rceived as potential threats. The variety of privacy-related issues generated by computer technology has led to reexamination of the concept of privacy itself. Intellectual Property. One of the more controversial areas of computer ethics concerns the intellectual property rights connected with software ownership.Some people, like Richard Stallman, who started the Free Software Foundation, believe that software ownership should not be allowed at all. He claims that all information should be free, and all programs should be unattached for copying, studying, and modifying by anyone who wishes to do so. Others, such as Deborah Johnson, argue that software companies or programmers would not invest weeks and months of work and significant funds in the development of software if they could not get the investment moxie in the form of license fees or sales.Professional Responsibility and Globalization. Global networks such as the Internet and conglomerates of business-to-business network c onnections are connecting people and information worldwide. Such globalization issues that include ethics considerations include Global laws Global business Global education Global information flows Information- ample and information-poor nations Information interpretation The gap between rich and poor nations, and between rich and poor citizens in industrialized countries, is very wide.As educational opportunities, business and employment opportunities, medical services, and many other necessities of life decease more and more into cyberspace, gaps between the rich and the poor may become nevertheless worse, leading to new ethical considerations. Common Computer Ethics Fallacies Although computer education is starting to be incorporated in lower grades in elementary schools, the lack of early computer education for some current adults led to several documented generally accepted fallacies that apply to nearly all computer users.As technology advances, these fallacies will change new ones will arise, and some of the original fallacies will no longer exist as children learn at an earlier age about computer use, risks, security, and other associated information. There are more than described here, but Peter S. Tippett identified the following computer ethics fallacies, which have been widely discussed and generally accepted as being representative of the more or less common. The Computer Game Fallacy. Computer users tend to think that computers will generally prevent them from cheating and doing wrong.Programmers particularly believe that an error in programming sentence structure will prevent it from working, so that if a software program does indeed work, then it must be working correctly and preventing bad things or mistakes from happening. as yet computer users in general have gotten the message that computers work with exacting accuracy and will not allow actions that should not occur. Of course, what computer users often do not consider is that altho ugh the computer operates under very strict rules, the software programs are written by humans and are just as convincible to allowing bad things to happen as people often are in their own lives.Along with this, there is also the perception that a person can do something with a computer without being caught, so that if what is being done is not permissible, the computer should somehow prevent them from doing it. The Law-Abiding Citizen Fallacy. Laws provide guidance for many things, including computer use. Sometimes users confuse what is legal with regard to computer use with what is reasonable behavior for using computers. Laws basically define the minimum standard about which actions can be reasonably judged, but such laws also call for individual judgment.Computer users often do not realize they also have a indebtedness to consider the ramifications of their actions and to behave accordingly. The Shatterproof Fallacy. Many, if not most, computer users believe that they can do l ittle harm accidentally with a computer beyond perchance erasing or messing up a file. However, computers are tools that can harm, even if computer users are unaware of the fact that their computer actions have actually hurt mortal else in some way. For example, sending an email flame to a large group of recipient roles is the same as publicly humiliating them.Most people realize that they could be sued for libel for making such statements in a physical public forum, but may not realize they are also responsible for what they beam and for their words and accusations on the Internet. As another example, forwarding e-mail without permission of the author can lead to harm or embarrassment if the original sender was communicating privately without expectation of his message being seen by any others. Also, using e-mail to stalk someone, to send spam, and to harass or offend the recipient in some way also are harmful uses of computers.Software piracy is yet another example of using co mputers to, in effect, hurt others. Generally, the shatterproof error is the belief that what a person does with a computer can do minimal harm, and only affects perhaps a few files on the computer itself it is not considering the impact of actions before doing them. The Candy-from-a-Baby Fallacy. Illegal and unethical activity, such as software piracy and plagiarism, are very faint to do with a computer. However, just because it is easy does not mean that it is right.Because of the ease with which computers can make copies, it is likely almost every computer user has committed software piracy of one form or another. The Software Publishers Association (SPA) and Business Software Alliance (BSA) studies reveal software piracy costs companies multibillions of dollars. Copying a retail software big bucks without paying for it is theft. Just because doing something wrong with a computer is easy does not mean it is ethical, legal, or acceptable. The Hackers Fallacy.Numerous reports an d publications of the commonly accepted hacker belief is that it is acceptable to do anything with a computer as long as the motivation is to learn and not to gain or make a profit from such activities. This so-called hacker ethic is explored in more depth in the following section. The Free Information Fallacy. A somewhat curious opinion of many is the depression that information wants to be free, as mentioned earlier. It is suggested that this fallacy emerged from the fact that it is so easy to copy digital information and to distribute it widely.However, this line of thinking entirely ignores the fact the copying and distribution of data is completely under the control and whim of the people who do it, and to a great extent, the people who allow it to happen. Hacking and Hacktivism Hacking is an ambivalent term, most commonly perceived as being part of criminal activities. However, hacking has been used to describe the work of individuals who have been associated with the open- source movement. Many of the developments in information technology have resulted from what has typically been considered as hacking activities.Manuel Castells considers hacker culture as the informationalism that incubates technological breakthrough, identifying hackers as the actors in the transition from an academically and institutionally constructed milieu of innovation to the issuing of self-organizing networks transcending organizational control. A hacker was originally a person who sought to understand computers as thoroughly as possible. Soon hacking came to be associated with phreaking, breaking into think networks to make free phone calls, which is clearly illegal.The Hacker Ethic. The idea of a hacker ethic originates in the activities of the original hackers at MIT and Stanford in the 1950s and 1960s. Stephen levy outlined the so-called hacker ethic as follows 1. Access to computers should be unlimited and total. 2. All information should be free. 3. Authority should be mistrusted and decentralization promoted. 4. Hackers should be judged solely by their skills at hacking, rather than by race, class, age, gender, or position. 5. Computers can be used to create art and beauty. . Computers can change your life for the better. The hacker ethic has three main functions 1. It promotes the belief of individual activity over any form of corporate authority or system of ideals. 2. It supports a completely free-market approach to the exchange of and access to information. 3. It promotes the belief that computers can have a beneficial and life-changing effect. Such ideas are in conflict with a wide set out of computer professionals various codes of ethics. Ethics Codes of Conduct and ResourcesSeveral organizations and groups have defined the computer ethics their members should observe and practice. In fact, most professional organizations have adopted a code of ethics, a large percentage of which address how to handle information. To provide the ethics of all professional organizations related to computer use would fill a large book. The following are provided to give you an opportunity to compare similarities between the codes and, most interestingly, to note the differences and sometimes contradictions in the codes followed by the various diverse groups. Information SecurityInformation security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction Information Security Attributes or qualities, i. e. , Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). Information Systems are decomposed in three main portions, hardware, software and communications with the purpose to help identify and apply information security industry standards, as mechanisms of protection and prevention, at three levels or layers physical, personal and organizational.Essentially, procedures or policies are implemented to tell people (administrators, users and operators)how to use products to ensure information security within the organizations. Confidentiality Confidentiality is the term used to prevent the disclosure of information to unauthorized individuals or systems. For example, a credit card transaction on the Internet requires the credit card number to be transmitted from the buyer to the merchant and from the merchant to a transaction processing network.The system attempts to enforce confidentiality by encrypting the card number during transmission, by constraining the places where it might appear (in databases, log files, backups, printed receipts, and so on), and by restricting access to the places where it is stored. If an unauthorized party obtains the card number in any way, a part of confidentiality has occurred. Confidentiality is necessary (but not sufficient) for maintaining the privacy of the people whose personal information a system holds. citation needed IntegrityIn information security, integrity means that data cannot be modified undetectably. citation needed This is not the same thing as referential integrity in databases, although it can be viewed as a special case of Consistency as mum in the classic ACID model of transaction processing. Integrity is violated when a message is actively modified in transit. Information security systems typically provide message integrity in addition to data confidentiality. Accessibility For any information system to serve its purpose, the information must be available when it is needed.This means that the computing systems used to store and process the information, the security controls used to protect it, and the communication channels used to access it must be run correctly. High availability systems aim to remain available at all times, preventing service disruptions due to power outages, hardware failures, and system upgrades. Ensuring availability also involves preventing denial-of-service attacks. authenticity In computing, e-Business , and information security, it is necessary to ensure that the data, transactions, communications or documents (electronic or physical) are genuine.It is also important for authenticity to validate that both parties involved are who they claim they are. Non-repudiation In law, non-repudiation implies ones intention to fulfill their obligations to a contract. It also implies that one party of a transaction cannot deny having received a transaction nor can the other party deny having sent a transaction. Electronic commerce uses technology such as digital signatures and public key encryption to establish authenticity and non-repudiation. c. ConclusionImpact of Computer Ethics on Information Security The relationship between information security and computer ethics does not look, on the surface, quick obvious, and even appears remote. It is, however, credible. Culture, customs, trust and privacy that characterize security fall within the realm of ethics. Computer ethics alert informati on security forethought to ethical considerations and warn potential offenders of ethical consequences in situations where the technical tools or the legal measures fail.In these cases, an ethical decision may be helpful in bringing about a solution. Furthermore, this conclusion is consistent with the following premises with respect to technical controls, computer laws and computer ethics Premise 1 The information security management community has applied control tools to meet the information security objectives of safeguarding confidentiality against unauthorized access, upholding integrity and maintaining availability. However, detecting computer crime is unmanageable, because the act is either traceless or difficult to trace.Quantifying the damage is problematic since the victims all too often withhold reporting the crime for reasons including fear of recrimination and bad publicity. 8 Therefore, the technical control tools are ineffective, with respect to legal issues. Premise 2 Computer laws have been enacted in various nations at an ever-increasing rate since the late 1980s, when business and the society at large were hale to face the magnitude and severity of damage not experienced prior to computer crimes. There has been a dramatic increase in specialized order to combat criminal behaviors related to computer crime, which include traditional crimes committed with the use of a computer and a variety of new, technologyspecific criminal behaviors spawned by the speedy emergence of computer technologies and the exponential expansion of the Internet. 10 However, despite the additional new laws, prosecution is deterred because the legal proceeding is a tardy, time-consuming and expensive process, even when there are well-justified intentions to proceed with legal action.Also, legislation always lags behind the event such that either no appropriate laws are found or the new law is too late for the case in hand. Hence, computer laws are at best a deterrent to computer crime, not a guardian of information. Premise 3 Computer ethicists assert, on the one hand, that special ethical issues are raised because computers are special technology, and query, on the other hand, why there should be computer ethics since, for example, there is no such thing as telephone ethics even though the telephone is a special technology that makes a profound change on the way individuals communicate with others. 1 However, information security is worthy of ethical consideration as many decisions in information technology affect a wide range of stakeholders. National and international computer societies have promoted codes of ethical practice and even written these codes into their constitutions. As technology advances, computers continue to have a greater impact on society.Therefore, computer ethics promotes the discussion of how much influence computers should have in areas such as information security, artificial intelligence and human communication. As t he world of computers evolves, computer ethics continues to create ethical standards that address new issues raised by new technologies. Reference http//www. isaca. org/Journal http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/ethics-computer/ http//www. cmpe. boun. edu. tr/say/c150/intro/lit10. html

Merits and Accomplishments of Educational Leaders Essay

It is datum of experience that every field of knowledge is inspired by some leaders whose efforts work as the channelize fundamentals. It is through their shared vision of continuous amelioration that facts of life systems enjoy their success better than ever before. Although many thinkers have enlightened the philosophies behind redbrick education system, some have relatively excelled in the extent of their research and devotion to the field. In the contemporary world, any field without the intervention of IT is unimaginable.So is the shimmy with the field of education where the work of IT starts from the concepts like Webinars and Distance Learning to the doctoral research works being carried out on IT dimensions like Netspeak. With his books like upright Writings on Instructional Technology, Donald Ely is reckoned as one of the most prominent educational leaders regarding the wasting disease of technology in the contemporary world. away from his achievement of bringing IT i nto instructional fields, the merit of Elys studies lies in the inoculation of creative ideas for instruction while using IT as a medium of instruction.With an realisation of latest approaches being introduced in the dynamic field of IT everyday, Donald Ely is to a fault known for inviting the perspectives of novices in the field as a reflection of his development philosophy (Anderson, 2005). When it comes to the estimate practices of learners to the students in an online interactive environment, Ely has not deviated from the fundamentals of assessment used in the real life instructional environment. However, he has modified the very principles to mould the ideas into a more viable shape that fits the IT involving education.The cynosure of Gene Hall and Shirley Hords studies lies with the development and training of instructors if any change in the current education system is to be achieved. In this concern, a major merit of the two educational leaders approach is the systematic a spect which starts from a gradual inculcation of vision chronically in the philosophy of change. Once the vision is adequately communicated, required resources to plan on it are digestd to the instructors.From the stage of planning, the model suggests a gradual move towards the hard-nosed aspect of training and development of necessary skills. This practicality is followed by a constant evaluation and control technique through monitoring. As a result of evaluation, correct reinforcement is made possible. By considering teachers as the major tools of change, the two educationists have laid enormous amount of importance on instructors concerns and feelings about the nature of change.another(prenominal) unique plus point of Hall and Hords studies is the level of pragmatism attached to their studies by identification of stages to trace the actual level of execution of instrument of the change. These levels of use range from no use to renewal marked by complete shift towards the conc erned change (Hord, 1994). Gerald Zaltman and Robert Duncans area of research can be considered as a furtherance of Hall and Hords work as the former educationists focus on the obstacles in the way of successful implementation of changes proposed for an education system.By attempting to trace the causes of resistance towards the change, Zaltman and Duncan propose a logical course of action in the pursuit of eradicating the impeding forces as they may arise referable to the well established beliefs or insecurities attached to the adoption of change (Ellsworth). An importance merit of their work is that it is not just confined to the identification of problems and their causes, but is also associated with the strategies to overcome them. These strategies involve modification of the change process according to the context.Where the changes are unalterable, the experts propose a strong communication in favour of change. By proposing four types of strategies based on the level of oppos ition to the change, Zaltman and Duncan provided a framework for the educationists in order to plan a suitable change keeping in legal opinion the extent of agreement and willingness to the change. By providing Facilitative, Re-educative, Persuasive and Power strategies, they have added a pragmatic aspect to their research thereby making it more lucrative for implementation (OBrien, 1999).To express succinctly, the efforts and research works of all contemporary leaders in the field of education cannot be denied. However, the works of the educational leaders discussed above provide the most critical of all dimensions touched by the educationists today.References Anderson,T. J. (2005). Dr. Donald P. Ely. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from http//doctja. com/docs/edd8008/DonPEly. ppt. Ellsworth, J. B. A Survey of Educational lurch Models. ERIC Digest. RetrievedMay 22, 2008, from ERIC Digests Website http//www. ericdigests. org/2001-2/survey. html Hord, S. M. (1994). Staff Development and Ch ange Process Cut from the Same Cloth. Issues about Change, 4(2). Retrieved May 22, 2008, from Southwest Educational Development Laboratory Web site http//www. sedl. org/change/issues/issues42. html OBrien, R. (1999). societal Change Activism and the Internet Strategic Online Activities. Retrieved May 22, 2008, from http//www. web. net/robrien/papers/netaction. html

Different Approaches to Promoting Wellbeing and Resilience

Unit 512 glide by practice in promoting the well- existence and resiliency of babyren and late volume assure how antithetical sexual climaxes to promoting positive well-being and resilience in tykeren and unripe multitude. Explain the importance of well-being for children and spring chicken people. Child well-being and wishing represent different sides of the same coin. From a child rights perspective well-being beam be defined as the realisation of childrens rights and the fulfilment of the opportunity for all child to be all she or he can be.The degree to which this is achieved can be measured in terms of positive child outcomes, whereas negative outcomes and deprivation point to the denial of childrens rights. Bradshaw et al. Young peoples social and emotional well-being is heavy in its own right only when also because it affects their physical wellness and can determine how well they bequeathing do at take aim.Good social, emotional and psychological health helps protect lateborn people against emotional and behavioural problems, ferocity and crime, teenage pregnancy and the misuse of drugs and alcohol (Systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to recruit genial well-being in children in primary education Adi et al. 2007) If teenage people dont have positive outcomes of well being whence some juvenility people who have low levels of happiness be much slight likely to enjoy being at menage with their family or carer, tone safe when with their friends, like the way they look and feel positive about their future.Children disturbed in this way are also more likely to be victimised, have eating disorders or be depressed. Explain the importance of resilience for children and modern people. Resilience is important because untried people who are resilient have the ability to adaptdespite experiences of significant riskiness or trauma. If new-fangled people are resilient they will be equal to(p) to cope better wit h problems, they will have better health and they will be happier and more fulfilled. They will also be less likely to fracture emotional problems like depression or anxiety. Resilience qualities which cushion a vulnerable child from the strike effects of adversity in whatever form it takes and which may help a child or young soul to cope, survive and even expatiate in the face of great hurt and disadvantage. Adoption and Fostering, 21, 1997,pp. 12-20 Critically analyse different approaches to promoting well-being and resilience of children and young people. I researched that fancys about resilience are increasingly being applied to practice from a professor at at Brighton University suggest a frame grow based on quaternity noble truths accepting, conserving, commitment and enlisting.They continue to explore how resilience can be built in five compartments basics, belonging, learning, coping and core self. These ideas, and the very pragmatic approach that accompanies them, can be helpful in pass awayings with yp from even the most difficult environments and offer a hopeful context for practice. Strongly based on the research evidence, resilient therapy involves a partnership between Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), academics, social workers, youth workers, nurses, teachers, learning support assistants, the parents and carers young people themselves.As such, it is ideally suited to a whole school, whole system approach that promotes well-being for all and addresses the fills of young people with behavioural, emotional or social difficulties. This appears like a good framework to work with and breaking it down into steps when working with a young soulfulness. In 2009 I went on Resiliency training in Cambridge. I was trained by top psychologist professors from America. We realised that a lot of what we researched or learnt is already what we were putting into practice but didnt label it. We learnt how to put some of what we learnt in to practice when back up young people.There were 5 levels of an iceberg which is called the ABC module. One part taught you skills into showing a young mortal non to over consider situations that might not of actually happened or that has been over exaggerated or blown up. You teach the young somebody to think differently and break it down to simplify it and help the young mortal understand it and to support them to overcome it. Every Child Matters promotes the 5 outcomes, which all set with conflux the needs a young person well-being and resiliency especially around achieve economic well-being and promote positive contribution.Promoting and reenforcement young people in regards to their health, self esteem, trammel issues, emotional security and relationships is very important to help the young person develop to their full electromotive force into adult hood. At the home young people have a keyworker and work very closely with them. Young people are registered with neare st doctors, dentist, opticians to mark off they are getting all the necessary check ups and health needs required.Young people if they they suffer from anger management issues, emotional issues can speak with their keyworker and chide about incident occurrences and put in strategies to help the young person over come this. Also the young person maybe referred to CAHMS worker if needed. A young person will have a routine and weekly planner of school, activities and other social events will be on this calender. This helps that young person develop their self -esteem and confidence, learn social skills, gain an education and remain in good physical health. Be able to forego practice in supporting children and young peoples well being and resiliency . 1Lead practice that supports others to engage with children and young people to build their self esteem. I supervise and support a segment of supply who keyworks a young person who suffers low self-esteem later on growing up in a fa mily dynamic of abuse. This young person suffers from attachment issues and has been don to be sexually exploited by older males. The young person also find it difficult to maintain positive relationship and after a short time will break down the relationship. The keyworker was advised to ask the social worker to do a referral to CAHMS to help support the young person in terms of their emotional needs.Myself and the keyworker had a consultation with a psychologist to discuss the case and what strategies we could use to help build the self-esteem and confidence of young the young person that was clearly showing signs that they needed support in this area. I also sent the keyworker on training on supporting young people manage their emotional needs. The strategies that myself and the keyworker put in place for the keyworker to work with the young person was *weekly keyworker sessions to for keyworker/keychild bonding * Identify yps strengths.Get the yp to list thier strengths and alw ays work from your their strengths when trying to deal with less successful events. *create situations where they can make decisions and choices. *Help the set realistic goals and targets. Helping to set realistic targets ensures success and can be built on. Encourage charts to help measure progress. And so on. 2. 2Support others to work with children or young people in manner that is open, perpetrateworthy, respectable and reliable In a supervision with a new staff member A was asked how his relationship with the young people is.A said it is ok. Sheryl gave A some guidance on how to build his relationships with the young people and how to earn their respect and trusts such as spending time with a young person, asking how their days has been, asking what is defile when they appear upset, praise them when they have something well or better, helping them tidy their room or cook and talk about stuff in full general and encourage them how to achieve their goals in life.Challenge the young people when they are displaying negative or inappropriate behaviour and be clean and clear with them on what they consequences of the behaviour could be if they dont take on responsibility for their actions. Also that if A puts something in place for a young person he needs to ensure this is followed by as this will not only maintain consistency, but also gain a young person respect,trust and show that he cares. A was honest about this and said he is finding it hard coming from adult services to children services.A advised that if he takes on board and listens to the advice that he is been ante upn then he will be fine and will finish the billet on a good note. A told of Sheryls experiences of working with yps and building her relationship with the young people and eventually A will also feel confident with his relationship with the young people. A told that he needs to monitor the other staff and reflect on how he manages situations with the young people. This can also be discussed in staff debriefs and this is a good tool for reflection work for A to gain skills. 2. Demonstrate through own practice ways to encourage and support children and young people to express their feeling, views and hopes. Observation with tutor with young person may also cover this. Through my experience with working with many challenging young people who do find it hard to engage and talk about their feelings etc. I feel that the most important thing is to have a relationship with the young person which is built on trust and respect. As a staff member you must be approachable and be non judgemental towards a young person for them to be able to open up to you.Also as a young person young people like to have attention from people they like or find approachable and it is important that you give them some of your time or if they want to discuss something with you then you listen. Young people are obviously after your opinion or what you to know something for a reason whatever t hat reason maybe. Also its important for them to find their own answers for them to connect with it and take control of it. This supports a young person to feel empowered in regards to their own lives and will help them accept responsibility. 2. Explain how to challenge practices that act as barriers to children and young peoples well being and resilience. Young people often have limited ability to recognise and identify own emotions, limited receptive ,not knowing its OK to have emotions. Carers expectations can be too high when trying to engage the young person and getting them to discuss their emotions and feeling. This can be difficult situation if the carer becomes frustrated with the young person and can have an effect on the young persons development in regards to their well- being and resiliency.This would be challenged by myself and 2. 2 and 2. 3 explains challenges of practice. 3. Be able to allow for practice in work with carers who are supporting children and young peop le. Develop strategies to support carers understanding and involvement with the well-being and resilience needs of a child or young person. Please see 2. 1 and 2. 2 Also training is important in this area in regards to self esteem building, make positive behaviours, self-harm, resiliency, keyworking skills.CAHMS intervention and consultation takes place at the home with keyworkers to give them the opportunity to discuss their keychild and support the keyworker to support their young person in regards to opinion of strategies to put in place to support them with their well-being and development. Team meetings and Team days are also put in place for the staff team to communicate ideas on strategies to use with individual young people and what will help support them with group living. Also see attached development plan. Lead practice that supports carers to engage with children and young people to build their self esteem.Please see 2. 1 and supervision observation with JM by tutor. M onitor the involvement of carers in supporting children and young peoples well-being and resilience. Managers and myself are assigned to a staff member and the young person they are keyworking and known as case double-deckers. On a daily basis the young person is discussed with the keyworker and monthly case planning meetings will take place with the case manager and keyworker. In this the case manager monitors all the 5 outcomes from Every Child Matters and goes through what has been do and what still needs to be done to meet the young persons needs.Also the young persons goals are looked at to see if they are achieving them and to see if they need amending. Also all recordings are monitored that takes place through the daily log book, contact sheets, incident reports, bullying reports, 1-1 sheets, yps meetings, Mfh logs, meeting are in place that needs to take place, incentive plans put in place. Keyworkers also need to complete risk assessments and updated when required and res idential placement plans. We also monitor through reg 34s completed by team manager and the reg 33s completed by the counsellors every month.Evaluate strategies used to engage with carers who are supporting a child or young person. Please see 2. 1, 2. 2, 3. 3 Feedback and monitoring is guessd at the case planning meeting and if a strategy appears to be working with the young person and needs continuing at that level then this will continue. If a strategy is not working with the young person not developing in a certain area then this needs discussion and new strategy put in place. 4. Be able to lead practice in responding to health needs of children and young people. Lead practice that supports children and young people to make positive choices about their health needs.Young people when admitted to the home need to be registered to the a doctors, dentist and opticians asap. A Lac medical will also need to take place and this take place every 12 months. This will monitor any medical issues outstanding and monitor weight, height, forage and immunisations. We also have drop in sessions from the sexual health nurse every month and she does drop in sessions for the young people to teach them the importance of safe sex. This is confidential for the young person. The young persons RPP is updated monthly by the keyworker and used as a monitoring process. Also it evidences on what has been actioned and completed.A young person interests and hobbies are also taken on board and if a young person is provoke in football then we will encourage the young person to attend a football club and help find the young person a good club to play for. If young person is struggling emotionally with anger, mental health issues then the young person will be supported by being referred to a health professional (CAHMS, psychiatrist, psychologist). An assessment may need completing and strategies put in place from in that respect. The keyworker will negotiate with the professional in re gards into how support the young person. . 2Assess any risks to or concerns about the health of children and young people A young person when admitted to the home was wretched badly from toothache who came from his family home and had suffered neglect. I delegated a staff member to call NHS direct who advised us to give the young person paracetomal for the perturb and to book an emergency appointment to the dentist. The young person went the next day and had dental treatment and prescribed anti biotics. This was then put on his risk assessment and RPP in regards to his treatment and being prescribed music. . 3Support others to recognise and record concerns about a child or young persons health following concur procedures. If staff are not trained in recording and report writing then this is training course they will go on. This also gives guidelines in regards to the services policies and procedures when recording on legal documents. If a staff member raises concerns re a young persons health then this needs to be intercommunicate with keyworker and case manager to action. If it is an urgent matter staff are advised to call for medical advice or attention and inform a manager.These guidelines are in place for staff and part of a staff members inductions when starting the job and where any medical contact should be recorded and followed up. If a young person return under the influence of alcohol or other illegal substance and is due medication there are clear guidelines in the medication policy that NHS direct should be called to see whether the medication can still be prescribed or not. This will also be on a young persons risk assessment if this is an ongoing concern. If a young person come back injured and has hurt their leg after playing a sport.The young person must be offered medical treatment and action required completed. This must be recorded on an accident book and there a clear guidelines for staff. Work with others to take action to address con cerns identified about the health of children and young people. If young person is struggling emotionally with anger, mental health issues then the young person will be supported by being referred to a health professional (CAHMS, psychiatrist, psychologist). An assessment may need completing and strategies put in place from there. The keyworker will liaise with the professional in regards into how support the young person. CAHMS ntervention and consultation takes place at the home with keyworkers to give them the opportunity to discuss their keychild and support the keyworker to support their young person in regards to thinking of strategies to put in place to support them with their well-being and development. Be able to lead the development of practice with children or young people to promote their well-being and resilience. 5. 1 Develop methods of evaluating own practice in promoting children or young peoples well-being and resilience. In my supervision my own practice is evaluat ed and monitored. Me and my line manager discuss the young people I case manage .We discuss what the issues are, the young persons goals and what the keyworker is currently working on to support the young person on their development. Constructive critism is given to help myself develop or a fresh idea on how to manage a young person through their own experiences. We also have a development plan for the home that we have ideas and goals to work towards to promote and develop our own practice in our responsibilities. It is also beneficial to have feeback of the young person and the staff member of how they feel they are being managed and if they have any suggestions on how I could further support them.Develop methods of evaluating organisational practice in promoting children and young peoples well-being and resilience. As a management team we evaluate our methods in Managers meeting and discuss any developments or changes that maybe needed to enhance the running of the home for the p urpose of the well-being of the young people. We also represent meetings with other homes managers to discuss the services developments, policy amendments from new legislation, paperwork developments for recording purposes, Ofsted framework.We have monthly meetings with the police re intervetion and restorative justice strategies for the young people to promote preventatives for young people causing anti social behaviour. We also having education meetings with a strategic lead from education to discuss any issues we have with school or what resources are on offer. We also have health leads meeting to support us on how to promote young peopole with a health diet and any policy changes that need to be implemented into the home. This is also an opportunity to discuss individual cases in regards to hygiene and dietary issues.Lead others in practice that supports consequence focus approaches for supporting children and young peoples well-being and resilience. RPP are put in place for a ll young people when admitted and a lot of work is done with the young people around their present behaviours. Young people are asked about the future goals and the things they would like to change in their current life with sounding into the future. Young people are supported in this by being giving clear routines and realistic goals are set for them through their own choice. These goals will be recorded on the yps RPP.To help encourage young people a goal chart will be put in place along side an incentive plan so they see rewards when they achieve their individual goals. The keyworker goes over this weekly to see how they are getting on. If this is not working, new goals will need to be set and incentive plan re looked at so the young person doesnt lose their focus on what they are trying to achieve for themselves. 5. 4 Lead others in developing areas of practice that promote children and young peoples well-being and resilience. Please see above.

How Should Teachers Respond to the Ebonics Debate? Essay

What are teachers to do when our students respond to a question saying It dont make no difference or It aint good. What about students write All the mens and womens was forced to go in a research paper? On one hand teachers want to respect and laurels our students heritage and culture, but on the other hand, we want to prepare them for the best chance of success. Ebonics refers to a form of language that many African-American students speak. The issue came to domain attention in 1997 when the Oakland school board proposed to teach African American students by incorporating Ebonics into the curriculum.This began a heated national debate. Lisa Delpit (2002) explains the issue in a very(prenominal) poignant and insightful way I have been asked often enough recently What do you think about Ebonics? Are you for it or against it? My answer mustiness be neither. I can be neither for Ebonics or against Ebonics any more that I can be for or against air. It exists. It is the language tha t is spoken by many of our African-American children. It is the language many African-American children heard as their mothers nursed them and changed their diapers and played peek-a-boo with them.It is the language through which they first encountered love, nurturance, and joy (p 93). Lisa Delpits word entitled What should teachers do? Ebonics and culturally responsive instruction goes on to explain how Ebonics is a reality, and that teachers must develop sound methodology to help students learn to economy switch between the two languages. While some critics such as Christopher Todd (1997) fervently believe that if teachers are to acknowledge Ebonics as an acceptable form of language, therefore they in turn will only further handicap African-American students.Todd argues that this pedagogy will not give non-standard slope speakers sufficient skills in warning English, and in doing so teachers will help to perpetuate cycles of poverty that these very teachers purport to end. Ca therine Compton-Lillys (2005) Nuances of Error Considerations Relevant to African American slang expression English and Learning to Read addresses the issue of how teachers should respond to students who did not grow up in homes where Standard English is spoken.She goes on to establish that African American Vernacular is a well documented form of spoken English, complete with its own syntax and intonation, and that it has been deemed inferior to standard English. Compton-Lilly suggests that until recently there has been very little sensation among teachers that by correcting students language, they also undermine their cultures and families. Compton-Lilly then sites research documenting the specific linguistic differences between standard and African American Vernacular.The bulk of the phrases original research is a case study of Lashanda, a first-grader who had fallen behind her peers in reading and had grown up in a house where African American Vernacular was used. Catherine Co mpton-Lilly tutored Lashanda individually over the course of several weeks and meticulously documented when and how her home language emerged to cause a strip in her reading. Lashanda made typical errors such as reading aloud the roses was broken instead of were broken.

Psychology Notes Essay

1) Four big ideas in psychologya. Critical thinking is smart thinkingb. Behavior is a bio psychosocial eventc. We engage with a two-track mind (Dual processing)d. Psychology explores human strengths as well as challenges2) Why do psychology?e. The limits of intuition and common sensei. Enough to make forth answers regarding human nature. ii. May aid queries, but argon not free of error. iii. Hindsight Bias the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. 1. After learning the outcome of an event, many large number re segment they could have predicted that very outcome. iv. Overconfidence thinking you know more than what you actually know. f. The scientific attitudev. Composed of curiosity, skepticism, and humility.vi. Curiosity passion for exploration.vii. Skepticism doubting and questioning.viii. humbleness ability to accept responsibility when wrong. g. The education of psychology helps make these examined conclusions, which leads to our understanding of how people feel, think, and act a s they do. 3) How do psychologists ask and answer questions?h. The scientific regularityix. Construct theories that organize, summarize and simplify observations. x. Theory an explanation that integrates principles and organizes and predicts sort or events. ( spokesperson low self-esteem contributes to depression). xi. Hypothesis a testable prediction, often promoted by a theory, to alter us to accept, reject or revise the theory. (Example people with low self-esteem are apt to feel more depressed). xii. Research to administer tests of self-esteem and depression. (Example people who score low on a self-esteem test and high on a depression test would confirm the hypothesis). i. Descriptionxiii. Basic map to observe and record behavior. xiv. How conducted do case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations. xv. Weaknesses No control of variables single cases may be misleading. xvi. Case Study a technique in which one person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral p rinciples. xvii. Survey a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people commonly done by questioning a representative, random sample of people. xviii. Wording can change the results of a surveyxix. Random Sampling when each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusions into a sample (unbiased). 2. If the survey sample is biased, its results are not valid. xx. Naturalistic Observation observing and recording the behavior of animals in the wild and recording self-seating patterns in a multiracial school lunchroom constitute naturalistic observation. j. correlational statisticsxxi. Basic purpose to detect naturally occurring human relationships to value how well one variable predicts another. xxii. How conducted compute statistical association, sometimes among survey responses. xxiii. Weaknesses does not specify dumbfound and effect. xxiv. When one trait or behavior accompanies another. xxv. Correlation Coefficient a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables. 3. Example R = + 0.37a. R is the correlation coefficientb. + is the direction of relationship (either + or ) c. 0.37 indicates the strength of relationship xxvi.Correlation DOES NOT mean causation.4. Examplesd. Low self-esteem could cause depressione. Depression could cause low self-esteemf. Distressing events or biological sensitiveness could cause low self-esteem and depression. xxvii. Illusory Correlation the perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists. (Example parents conceive children after adoption). xxviii. Order in Random Events5. Given random data, we look for order and meaningful patterns. 6. Given large numbers of random outcomes, a few are likely to limited order. k. Experimentationxxix. Basic purpose to explore cause and effect.xxx. How conducted manipulate one or more factors use random assignment. xxxi. What is manipulated the independent variable(s). xxxii. Weaknesses sometimes not workable results may not generalize to other contexts not ethical to manipulate certain variables. xxxiii. The backbone of mental research7. Effects generated by manipulated factors isolate cause and effect relationships. xxxiv. Double-blind Procedure in evaluating drug therapies, patients and experimenters assistants should remain unaware of which patients had the real treatment and which patients had the placebo treatment. xxxv. Random Assignment assigning participants to experimental and control conditions, by random assignment, minimizes pre-existing differences between the two groups. xxxvi. Independent Variable a factor manipulated by the experimenter.8. The effect of the independent variable is the focus of the study 9. Example when examining the effects of breast-feeding upon intelligence, breast-feeding is the independent variable. xxxvii. Dependent Variable a factor that may change in response to an independent variable. 10. Usually a behavior or a mental process.11. Example in t he study of the effect of breast-feeding upon intelligence, intelligence is the dependent variable.4) Aristotlel. 384-322 B.C.m. Naturalist and philosophern. Theorized about psychologys conceptso. Suggested that the soul and trunk are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience. p. The soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds good of particular parts of the soul. -Aristotle 5) Wundtq. 1832-1920r. Studied the atoms of the minds. Experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879, which is considered the behave of psychology.6) William Jamest. 1842-1910u. American philosopherv. Wrote psychology textbook in 1890w. Jamess student, Mary Calkins, became the APAs first female president xxxviii. She was not able to produce her PhD from Harvard.7) Sigmund Freudx. 1856-1939y. Austrian physicianz. Emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.8) Psychology. Originated in many disciplines and countries. Defined as the science of mental lif e until the 1920s. . 1920-1960 psychology was heavily oriented towards behaviorism. . Psychology the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. 9) Pavlov, Watson and Skinner. Watson 1878-1958. Skinner 1904-1990. Emphasized the study of unfastened behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology instead of mind or mental thoughts.. Anything seems commonplace, once explained. -Watson 10) Maslow and Rogers. Maslow 1908-1970. Rogers 1902-1987. Emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance.11) The American Psychological Association (APA). The largest organization of psychology. 160,000 members world-wide. Followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.12) Current perspectives. Neuroscience how the body and brain enables emotions xxxix. How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? . Evolutionary how the natural selection of traits promotes the pe rpetuation on ones genes. xl. How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? . Behavior genetics how much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences xli. To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? . Psychodynamic how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. xlii. How can someones personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? . Behavioral how we learn observable responses.xliii. How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most powerful way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking? . Cognitive how we encode, process, store and retrieve information xliv. How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? . Social-cultural how behavior and think ing vary across situations and cultures. xlv. How are we- as Africans, Asians, Australians or north Americans- alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? 13) Psychologys subfields. Biological explore the links between brain and mind. . Developmental study-changing abilities from uterus to tomb. . Cognitive study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. . Personality investigate our persistent traits.. Social explore how we view and affect one another . Clinical studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. . Counseling helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. . Educational studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings. . Industrial/Organizational studies and advises on behavior in the workplace. 14) Clinical vs. psychopathology. Clinical Psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. . Psychiatrists (M.D.) medical p rofessionals who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. 15) Three main levels of analysis

Beethoven Biography

van van van van van Beethoven, who was a great composer and pianist of German origin was born in the 1770 and died in 1827. On the same note, he is grouped among the very influential composers and stand fored a very great role in Western classical symphony especially collect to the fact that he existed during the transition period between the famous classical and romantic eras (Beethoven biography, 2001).Although he was born in Bonn which was the capital metropolis of Cologne, currently known as Germany, he later migrated to Vienna where he got occupied in studying as well as learning to play mild.It bears noting that though he developed a hearing problem, this did not deter him from his music career since he continued to perform and compose even later fit completely deaf. Although he did not live for long, he do notable contri just nowion in the field of music. With this background, this paper will objectively limn his biography, laying more emphasis on his life history as w ell as his major accomplishments. 2. 0 Background InformationBeethoven was born in the family of musicians since his grandad Lodewijk van Beethoven was in like manner a musician of Flemish origin who was employed as a bass singer and ended up becoming a music director (Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 1827)). More to that, his grandfather still had a son by the name Johann van Beethoven who was also talented in music since he was employed as tenor in the same get in with his father. The son used to teach violin and piano lessons part time as a means of supplementing his income. Johann married a lady by the name Maria Magdalene and the two became the parents of the famous Ludwig van Beethoven.Although studies infix that the parents of Beethoven had seven children, it is lone(prenominal) Beethoven together with two younger boys who survived past infancy stage. He was the second born in the family and even though his exact date of birth is not known as there are no records, it is assum ed that he was born 16th December 1770. This is due to the fact that it is evidently known that he was baptized on 17th December 1770 and by then children were being baptized a day after birth (Lane, 2005). Moreover, most studies indicate that he used to celebrate his birthday on 16th December.Beethoven talent in music was discovered quite primaeval in life and his father who was a music teacher was the first person to start teaching him how to play keyboard. Although his father used to teach him, he still had other local teachers like Tobias Friedrich who taught him how to play piano, Franz Rovantini who taught him how to play violin as well as Gilles van den Eden. In the stratum 1779, Beethoven began to study music seriously with the help of Christian Neefe who helped him compose and publish his first composition in the year 1783.He was first employed in the year 1784 at Court Chapel although before then he used to work as Neefe assistant without any pay. He was later appointed as an assistant organist and the people who used to work close downly with him like Maximilian Fredrick noticed his talent in music and encouraged him to pursue further studies in music. Although studies elaborate that Beethoven had attempted to travel to Vienna in 1787, he was forced to go back to Bonn to take care of his siblings especially after his mothers death.His father who was becoming a worse alcoholic day by day could not be trusted with caring for the family, this is denoted by the fact that he used to do it through a court order. However, in the year 1792, Beethoven travelled back to Vienna through the help of Elector. At Vienna, he trained under Haydn and managed to compose lots of work that was not published even though the works displayed his development in the music career. Similarly, these works by then indicated that he had learnt a lot from Haydns since they displayed a lot of Mozartean flavor.Nevertheless, Beethoven did not first concentrate on opus unless on learning to play piano under the instruction of Haydn as well as playing violin. He was also occasionally taught on Italian vocal composition style by Antonio Salieri for some few eld. Even though after sometime Elector ceased to finance him, he continued to sting in Vienna because some people from the same place who had noticed his talent in music continued to support him financially (Crowest, 2009, p. 120). 3. 0 Beethovens Music CareerBeethovens Music career began to flourish in 1800. It is noteworthy that his first music performance at Vienna was in1795 after which he planned for the publication of his initial compositions, piano trios of Opus 1 which were dedicated to his patron. He continued to compose in many forms such as symphony, tetrad and string. Although his works were greatly influenced by Mozart and Haydn, he emerged to be unique due to his music development, his use of modulation and texture, as well as his unique pictorial matter of emotion.Beethoven was not onl y a composer, but a music teacher as well. Further studies indicate that he also taught Ferdinand Ries who became a composer and went a full stop to write a book entitled Beethoven Remembered which explained about their encounter. Carl Crenzy who was a music teacher was also a Beethoven student for two years from 1801-1803 (Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 1827)). Just at the height of his career, Beethoven developed a hearing problem which was quite discouraging since he could no long-run be able to appreciate music.Even if the exact cause of the problem is not known, it has been assumed that the problem was attributed by premise poisoning, syphilis, his habit of immersing his head in piddle in order to stay awake and typhus. However, the doctors report indicated that it was as a result of distended inner ear. The evidence of his deafness is not only from his works which record his written conversation with his friends, but also from a large collection of his hearing aids which beg et been preserved in Beethoven House Museum in Bonn. He completely become deaf at 1814 but still continued with his music career (Davies, 2001, p.234) and (Udvarhelyi, 2003). Much as Beethoven used to obtain money from his compositions and his performances, he also depended heavily on financial help from his patrons like Prince Lichnowsky and Archduke Rudolph who was the choke born son of Emperor Leopold II. As years progressed, he continued to develop his career and by 1810, he had managed to be recognized as a great composer. However, due to family and personal as well as financial problems, a slight decline was noted in his music career. He also had numerous illicit love personal matters which may have contributed to the decline of his performance.In addition, he also started to experience ill health and his brother who was also ailing died in the year 1815. Albeit during this time he was still composing, his health did not stabilize and in 1825, he became bedridden. Nonetheles s, he composed the fifteenth Quartet and still compiled the sixteenth, fourteenth and the thirteenth quartet time still in poor health. In 1826, his health deteriorated further (Kinderman, 1997, p. 238). Further studies illustrate that he latter died in 26th March 1827 and his funeral service which took place in the Holy Trinity Church was attended by more than ten thousand people.Beethoven was buried at Wahring cemetery located in Vienna, but latter his re principal(prenominal)s were exhumed in 1862 for study purposes. Further studies indicate that the exact cause of his death is not known although it has been projected that he might have died of infectious hepatitis, syphilis, lead poisoning, Whipples disease or Sarcoidosis. However, the analysis that was done after his body was exhumed point out that he could have died from excessive lead poisoning administered by his doctors (Beethoven biography, 2001). 4. 0 Beethoven Major AccomplishmentsBeethovens composition represents sever al music genres and also contained a variety of music combinations. He wrote a total of sixteen string quartets, five string quintet, seven works for piano trio, five string trios and a lot more works containing a variety combinations of wind instruments. In addition, he also wrote nine symphonies and nine concerti and some vocal works with orchestral accompaniment. The first and the second symphonies and the first send of the six string quartets as well as some few other works were written in his early life when his music was greatly influenced by Mozart and Haydn (Kinderman, 1997, p.284). Most of the major works of Beethoven that identified him as a hero was written when he started experiencing hearing problem. Such works take on the six symphonies, the very last piano concertos, five string quartets, Fidelio which was his only opera and some piano and violin sonatas. In his last stages of life, he began composing works that displayed high personal expression, formal innovation and his intellectual depth. His very last works include the last five quartets, ninth symphony and the last five piano sonatas.However, there are some of his works which were still very significant and may not have been recorded or published. 5. 0 Conclusion Whereas studies indicate that Beethoven managed to become one of the renowned giants of classical music, some of his character traits did not display a vey strong personality. For instance, his deafness made him to contemplate suicide and was frequently described as an impatient as well as a highly irritable person. He had some close friends who stayed by his side especially during his illness which led to his death.However, most studies indicate that he found it quite hard to get along with people the main reason why he was never legally married. His works remain to be a strong indication of his contribution in music arena. References Beethoven biography. (2001). Retrieved July 10, 2010, from http//www. lvbeethoven. com/Bio/Bio graphyLudwig. hypertext mark-up language Crowest, F. J. ( 2009). Beethoven With Illustrations and Portraits. Charleston BiblioBazaar, LLC. Davies, P. J. ( 2001). Beethoven in person his deafness, illnesses, and death.West Port Greenwood Press. Kinderman, W. (1997). Beethovens Childhood . Berkeley University of California Press. Lane, W. (2005). Beethovens Childhood . Retrieved July 10, 2010, from http//www. lucare. com/immortal/childhood. html Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 1827). (n. d. ). Retrieved July 10, 2010, from http//library. thinkquest. org/22673/beethoven. html Udvarhelyi, G. B. ( 2003). Beethoven in Person His Deafness, Illnesses, and Death (review). Bulletin of the History of Medicine , 77 (1), 196-197.

Econs Tut

The policies directed at the capital account could include interest rate policy, action policy (related to Foreign Direct Investments) and complementary infrastructure and early(a) supply side policies such as employer CAP levels. To manipulate live account, the government by and large does not use protectionism except for domestic profit sectors, such as banking, fiscal policy due to small multiplier and does not aggressively undervalue currency because of fears of imported inflation.For the capital account, since we have elective to choose exchange rates and free capital movements as our two choices, it does not use interest rate and UAPITA controls. Singapore does not want to scare off away Foreign Direct Investments by implementing controls. Singapore mainly relies on supply side policies as the government tends to be more far-sighted and focuses on returns on the long run. The Balance of Payments will be analyzed as such.Even in crisis periods such as early 2009, Singapor e does not react lots with exchange rate changes but instead encouraging foreign and few domestic firms to remain in Singapore by offering lower wage (and subsidizing for the lowest wage) and better tax areas. The opinion is that sudden exchange rate changes are inflationary and destabilize. Therefore, the typical exchange rate policy has been one of the slow and cool off appreciate of the Singapore dollar in line with gradual improvement in performance of the current account.The underlying policy behind the improved current account performance and how the exchange rate strengthened Balance of Payments come from the following. If rusty, Singapore develops current account in areas of higher value added to AP into growing ground of incomes and to avoid goods where prices are volatile, such as those primary products exported by many developing countries. Also, Singapore constantly aims to raise value added to stay ahead of other countries which are building their current account.Thi s involves increasing expenditure on human capital and strategic alliances with firms that can make use of such labor by offering supply side support. Critic Employers CAP, Wage Flexibility, PR Protection, Physical infrastructure improvement, corporate tax regimes, manpower development There is not much to change because Singapore has one of the strongest current accounts in the world.

Failure Is the First Step to Success

Failure is the first step towards success is one of the virtually heard quotes and is again and again t darkened to us in e real step of life, but how often do we realize its importance or live by its mantra? Honestly, we dont We respectable expect the reaping to come to us without working over its plant. Getting up requires falling. If a nine month old gave up straining to locomote subsequently his first fall, he would never be able to walk again, simply because he gave up. We can relate this to anything we do or anything we try to.To succeed in something, we essential to keep this in our mind that we ar going to fall. A very famous quote regarding this explains very clearly that ITS NOT THE FALLING PART THATS HARD, ITS THE GETTING UP . The merely bearing we can learn to rise is when we take on been through certain circumstances. When we know what we did wrong in the first place, when we have tried every known method thats exactly when it will dawn on us the right way t o mystify up. Success depends on you.If you have fallen time after time, its time to build a different strategy for getting up, you will succeed Many deal have a serious misconception when it comes to failure because they put negative labels on people they deem to have failed. Its important to understand that any time we fail at something, whether its large or small we are one step closer to success. Nothing ends in failure, if you dont let it, and your attitude is what will lead you into twist failure into success.As an easy mind up, a man fall but then get up then again, fall and then again get up, and every time the man try again, he learns and earns more experience and gains guides on how to care for his getting up the next time. You shouldnt be dishearten or anything with the fall you get the first time, but instead learn from it on how to handle the situation again in a much easier way Forget about the consequences of failure. Failure is only a temporary change in directio n to set you straight for your next success. So just go ahead and dont let these meaningful falls get on your restiveness Go ahead and get up

Apush Textbook Notes

Shaping of unification the States Pangea Split meetture the States organize Americas Mountains = Rockies, Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Coast Ranges Peopling the Americas 35,000 years ago = Ice shape up Glaciers that connected Eurasia with N. America (pre dis pull day Bering Sea) Nomadic Asian hunters (immigrant ancestors of the Natives) Trekked across the Bering isthmus for 250 centuries Reached far tip of S. America (15,000 miles from Siberia) By the cartridge clip Europeans arrived in 1492, 54 million spate inhabited the two Am. Continents Incas in PeruMayans in Central America Aztecs in Mexico Four corking Nations (Natives, forrader colonists) Aztecs Maya Inca Cahokia Maize = Indian maize build elaborate cities and carried on far-flung commerce Mathematicians ( do accurate astronomical observations) Aztecs Sought the favor of their gods by crack human sacrifices (over 5,000 masses ritu each(prenominal)y slaughtered for cr haveing of ONE chieftain) The Earliest Ame ricans Agri finish give growing Accounted for surface and sophistication of Na. A. in Mexico and S. A. 000 BC, hunter-ga on that pointrs in high e conjure up Mexico developed unjustified grass into the staple crop of corn Became staff of life and foundation of complex, large-scare, centralized Aztec and Incan nation-states that plaintually emerged Process went slowly and unevenly Corn put reached American southwestwest by 1200 BC Pueblo people (Rio Grande valley) constructed irrigation systems to water their cornfields.Dwelled in villages of multistory buildings. No dense concentrations of population or complex nation states comparable to the Aztec empire existed in N. Am. outside of Mexico when the Europeans arrived. voltaic pile Builders (Ohio River valley), Anasazi (Southwest) sustained large settle workforcets after incorporating corn broadcastting. Cultivation of MAIZE, BEANS, SQUASH Three-Sister Farming Beans growing on trellis of cornstalks and squash covering the architectural planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil broad(prenominal)est population densities Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee Natives in N. Am. lived in small, scattered, impermanent resolves Wo workforce tended to crops, Men hunted, fished, ga in that respectd fuel and cleared fields for planting Iroquois Developed matrilinear cultures, source and possessions passed overmatch the female side of the family line.Natives didnt want to manipulate nature aggressively Revered physical world and endowed nature with spiritual properties Indirect Discoverers of the sore ground Norse seafarers from Scandinavia had chanced upon the northeastern bring up of N. Am. AD 1000. Landed near present day sunrise(prenominal)foundland Lots of grapes Named Vinland Forgotten however for in mental strain Europeans Enter Africa Marco Polo (Italian hazardr) returned to Europe 1295, telling tales to the highest degree China Portuguese capital of Ohio Comes upon a naked World Oc t 12, 1492 = Sighted island in Bahamas Discovery convulsed four continents Europe AfricaTwo Americas Global stinting system When Worlds Collide Columbus Exchange Discovered America Old New Wheat, abrasion, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever, knuckle down labor New Old Gold, silver, corn, potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, baccy, beans, vanilla, chocolate, syphilis New race Hispanic/Latino The Spanish Conquistadores 1500s God, glory, GOLD. Encomienda Any Spaniard with a bring around or a mine can force natives to work for them 1512 New righteousnesss of Spain (to address the above slightly Encomienda) Europe + Africa + AmericasElizabeth Energizes England Francis Crake was a sea dog of Queen Elizabeth Sir Walter Raleigh organized a trip in 1585 in due north Carolinas Roanoke Island to drive to colonized it England on the evening of Empire 27-28 enclosing enclosure moving in joint- post compani es since whole the eldest son of the family could inherit, the others wuld look for fortune somewhere else the men joined joint stock exchange companies where they pooled together their finances England Plants the throngtown Seedling Virginia caller-up arights of side of meatmenReceived ingest form Kind James I for a settlement in the New World Mainly for gold and passage to the Indies Guaranteed to overseas settlers the aforesaid(prenominal) rights of English men Even if their not in the country This would be the start of resentment from colonists before the revolution because of lack of rights of Englishmen 1606 2 get offs landed near Chesapeake Bay May 24, 1607 Jamestown was founded After many voyages to Jamestown more than of the colonists were unaccustomed to fending for themselves and likewise excess clock time looking for gold tooshie Smith Powhatan illusion SmithYoung adventure took control of Jamestown in 1608 His rule was he who shall not work shall not ear In December1607 he was kidnapped by Powhatan and subjected to a mock execution Pocahontas providedd him by putting her head on gain of his Symbolism was to impress Smith with Powhatans power and Indians desire for calmful relations with the colonist Pocahontas was a intermediary mingled with the 2 side to preserve shaky peace and provide for farestuff starving time=winter People would eat dogs, cats, mice, corpses, one man even murdered his wife and ate her barely 60 settlers survived 609-1610 Pocahontas married tail end Rolfe and ended the First Anglo-Powhatan struggle in 1614 The Second Anglo-Powhatan fight in 1644 defeated the VirginiansVirginia Child of Tobacco Economy built on tobacco John Rolfe became the father of tobacco and saved the thriftiness of Virginia 1612 he perfected the methods of nip and tuck and curing weeds The Virginians were so concentrated planting tobacco that they had to important some of their food It ruined the soil 1619 (year before pilgrims came on the Mayflower)a Dutch ship came and change 20 Africans House of Burgesses epresentative self government born in Virginia in 1619 capital of the United Kingdom club authorized settlers to summon an accumulation know as House of Burgesses kingly liquidation (what went wrong? ) **1624, James I(detested tobacco and he distrusted the House of Burgesses) revoked charter of the bankrupt Virginia Company, making Virginia a gallant colony infra his control medico Catholic harbour passe-partout Baltimore bloody shameland 2nd plantation colony was founded in 1624 by Lord Baltimore who is of a prominent English Catholic family(4th colony to be planted) he pass waterd Maryland as refuge for his fellow CatholicsThe Catholics were re warded with great manors and land Source(s) of tension between Catholics and Protestants? The Catholic were barons musical composition the Protestants were planters thither was resentment which then brewed into the rebellion near the end of the cen tury Maryland prospered because of the tobacco In business concern of being overwhelmed by the Catholics, they houseed the suffice of Toleration in 1649 Toleration of Christians Bad for Jews, atheists freedom of hero-worship (how tolerant? Limits? ) Dominion- Many colonies, obligate upon them New England confederacy -4 colonies, joined willinglyColonzing the Carolinas Carolina was founded un 1670s Rice was main export North Carolina separated from South Carolin in 1712 about independent minded and least aristocratic of the 13 late-sprung(prenominal) Coming Georgia The Buffer Colony last of the 13 Georgia was to serve as abuffer protect the valuable Carolinas (sugar/rice) from Spaniards (FL) and cut (LA) Name after George II Founded by high minded assort of philanthropists Produced silk/ drink oasis for sould imprisioned for depts. Plantation Colonies Note characteristics gray ColoniesMaryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia They were devoted to exporting mercantile agricultural products Tobacco and rice Wide scattered plantations made building schools and churches expensive and difficult Most except for some in NC and GA perfered aristocratic atmospheres All permitted relisious toleration some task supported Church of England Relied on indentured servants/ buckle downs later on First slaves were not Africans, they were Native Americans Constructed on rivers, easily transported * God hath sifted a nation that he might send Choice Grain into this Wilderness what does this mean?William Bradford pilgram leader2 Rhode Island is the most broad-minded of the 13 colonies Makers of America The English (50-51) Compare demographics of N. and S ie, indentured males vs. families North was extreme weather, steril soil South hotdiseases Crash crops tobacco, rice, cotton Puritans vs. Indians Review Metacoms War 1675 Metacom (King Phillip by the English)was Massasoits son (chief when the pilgrams landed) forged an bail bond and mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English billages throught New Engalnd 1676 the war ended and 52 Puritan towns had been flack catchered 2 towns were destroyed replete(p)ly drastically reduced the number of colonoist Seeds of Colonial Unity and freedom New England Confederation (note the date) 1643, 4 New England colonies good dealed together to form the NE Confederation apology against foes or potentional foes Indians, Dutch, french Runaway servants too were the Confederations problem Each member just now had 2 votes Exclusive Puritan club Why does Charles II provide charters to Rhode Island and Connecticut? What does this say about the relationship between the colonies (esp. mom) and England in the 17th century?Connecticut 1662 a sea to sea charter grant which legalized the squatter settlements 1663 Rhode Island received charter which gave kingly sanction to the most spiritual toleraent government to try and get more colonies of the Kings side Andros Promotes the Fir st American Revolution Dominion of New England 1686 How is it different from New England Confederation? It was imposed from London Embraced all New Engalnd and then include NY and atomic number 99 and West Jersey Aimed at bolstering compound defence in the event war with the Indians What is its relationship to the water travel Acts?Designed to promot urgently needed efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws Laws reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the 17th centery Sought to stitch Engalnds overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland by contain American dole out with countries not govern by England Caused slews of smuggle Why does the Dominion irrupt up? Head of he Dominion was Sir Edmund Andros Military maskingground Harsh, strict He generated more showdown by his open affiliation with the despised Church of England Colonist were outraged by noisy and Sabbath profaning soldiers He stop town hitingRestrictions of church, school, press Taxed people without consent En agonistic unpopular Navigation Laws, suppress smuggling 688-1689 colonists engineered the memorable Glourious (Bloddless) Revolution broke up because of the Glourious War in England Dethrouned Chaotlic James II and enthroned Protestean rulars of Netherlands William III and Mary Found him because he dressed as a human How does turning Massachusetts into a Royal Colony affect Puritan control of politics? Why do William and Mary of England do this? off into royal colony in 1691New charter and governer *****What is Salutary Neglect, why does it begin, and what were its limits? New monarchs relaxed their grip on colonial trade Period of salutary neglect Hands off approach Sort of valuateation, didnt genuinely enforce it Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors & Dutch Residues in New York *Peter Stuyvesant Expedition in 1655 led Lost his leg soldiering in the West Indies Charles II and the founding of New York 1664 Charles II granted the area to his Brother Duke of York New Amsterdam rename New York Dutch legacyDutch peppered place name calling all over including Harlem, Brookyn, Hell Gate, Easter eggs, Santa, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, and Kolf (golf) Penns Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania protagonist Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors Quakers Arose in England during middle 1600s Offensive to authorities, civil and religious No clergy Deep conviction, abhorred strife and war Refused military service Advocates of passive resistance Pacifist (some of the 1st abolitionists) William Penn 1681 he secured a grant of stiff land from the kingPennsylvania (Penns Woodland) Best advertised of all colonies Unlike others Penns inducements were truthful Liberal land policy William Penn & Pennsylvania Launched his own colony in 1681 Philadelphia (brotherly love in Greek) Penn bought land from the Indians including Chrief Tammany He was so fair that the Quakers were among them unarmed and even used them as babysitters Philadelp hia Quakers and Indians Quaker permissiveness (others religions slavery) and the Scots Irish actually civil Other non Quaker and non Europeans moved in andWas unusually liberal and had a representative assembly elected by land owners No tax supported state church Death penetly only for treason and murder Forced by king to cut through Jews and Catholics boting rights Attarted rich mix of ethic groups Quakers were shwerd business community By 1700 Penn surpassed BA and MAs population and wealth New Jersey started in 1664 The core Ways in the Middle Colonies Name the middle colonies NY, NJ DE, PN bread colonies bread-basket of the British colonies in America PN NY NJ Heavy wheat economy (now its Midwest , Nebraska, Iowa.Make the comparison Middle Colonies in more than exclusively name land holding politics, industry Midway between New England and the southern publicly talk terms in surface (except NY) Fewer industries than north no plantation like the south Religious tolerance Good economy Most American explain All rounded Made it too the crowing city on his own Very successful Ethnically mixed Different religions Most participatory Europeans and Africans adapted to the New World, Natives adapted to newcomers Rigid doctrines of Puritanism softened All colonies remained tied to England Regional differences Increasing greatness of slave labor to southern way of life The Unhealthy Chesapeake Nasty, brutish, shot life for ChesapeakeMalaria, dysentery and typhoid took lots of lives Majority of immigrants were single men in their late teens and early twenties (most perished soon after arrival) faded family ties Chesapeake eventually acquired immunity More women, more families End of 17th century, gabardine population of Chesapeake grew based on birthrate The Tobacco Economy Chesapeake immensely hospitable to tobacco cultivation Intense cultivation fagged soil This enormous production depressed prices, but colonial Chesapeake tobacco growers responded to falling prices in the acquainted(predicate) way of farmers by planting still more acres to tobacco and bringing still more product to marketMore tobacco = More labor Indians died too quickly African slaves cost too much England had may displaced farmers Indentured servants Virginia and Maryland Headright System = Encourage importation of servant workers Masters reaped benefits of landownership Investments in servants into enormous holdings in real estate White slaves represented more than ? of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century Indentured servants Hard but hopeful life. Freedom dues. Frustrated Freemen and Bacons rebellion Broken hopes of acquiring land Hard to find single woman to marry having little involvement in the country and causing tumults at the election to the disturbance of his majestys peace William Berkeley (Virginian governor) just about 1,000 Virginians broke out of control in 1676 Revolt led by Nathani el Bacon (planter) *Rebels mainly frontiersmen Fiercely resented Berkeleys friendly policies toward Indians (whose thriving furtrade the governor monopolized * Fell murderously upon Indians, friendly and hostile alike, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, and put the flashlight to the capital * Berkeley hung over 20 rebels * Distant English King could scarcely imagine depths of passion and revere that Bacons revolt excited in Virginia Ignited smoldering unhappiness of landless former servants face frontiersmen against haughty gentry Less troublesome laborers to toil in the restless tobacco kingdom eye it on Africa. Colonial Slavery 10 million Africans 400,000 of them ended up in N. Am. Africans brought to Jamestown 1619, but as late as 1670s, numbered only 2,000 in Virginia 1680s Rising wages in England shrank pool of penniless clan By mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white servants among the plantation colonies new arrivals 1698, Royal African Company lost monopoly o n carrying slaves to colonies Rhode Islanders rushed to cash in on lucrative slave trade Blacks accounted for most half the population of Virginia by 1750 S.C. , outnumbered whites two to one Death rates on ship as high as 20% Few of earliest African immigrants gained freedom (some became slaveowners) White colonist reacted remorselessly to racial affright RACE 1662, statues appeared that formally decreed the iron conditions of slavery for blacks Slave Codes made blacks and their children the station (or chattels) for life of their white masters Not even conversion to Christianity could qualify a slave for freedom Slavery begun because of economic reasons Racial discrimination powerfully molded American slave system Africans in America South, slave life especially severe Climate hostile to health Only fresh imports could sustain the slave population under(a) conditions Slave population rose Few slave societies in history to continue itself by natural reproduction (Chesapeake) Native-born African-Americans contributed to growth of a stable and distinctive slave culture Af. Ams. = Mixture of African and American elements of speech, religion and folkways S.C. , unique language Gullah Blended with English and some(prenominal) African languages Ringshout, West African religious dance performed by shuffling in a circle while answering a preachers shouts, was brought to colonial America, and contributed to development of jazz Banjo and bongo drum to a fault part of African contributions Slave revolt erupted in NYC in 1712 that cost the lives of dozens of whites and caused execution of 21 blacks (burned at s remove) S. C. lacks along Stono River exploded in revolt in 1739 and tried to march to Spanish Florida (stopped by local militia) No slave uprising in American history matched Bacons Rebellion Southern Society As slavery spread, gaps in Souths social structure widened Rough par defined hierarchy of wealth and status in early 18th ce ntury Owning gangs of slaves and vast domains of land, planters ruled regions economy and monopolized political powerHouse of Burgesses Before Revolutionary War, 70% of leaders of Virginia legislative assembly came from families found in VA before 1690 the famed starting families of Virginia or FFVs Merchant planters Not gentlemanly polished arts and accumulated distinguished libraries Businessmen (labored long hours) One governor allowed servants to get drunk the near day if they would only lay off the liquor long enough to look after his guests at a celebration or the queens birthday in 1711 Small farmers Largest social group Landless whites Luckless former indentured servants Indentured servants Black slaves = basement of society Few cities grow in colonial South (professional class slow to emerge and revolved around great plantations) Waterways provided virtuoso means of transport Roads hard to travel by The New England Family -New England settlers have good li ves 10 additional years of life expectancy, clean air and water, cool temperature. -New Englanders migrated as families. -Women wedded early (around 20) and had babies any 2 years until menopause. -Because women were dying from giving birth, many women began to fear pregnancy. -Children received guidance from their parents and their grandparents.Strong family relationships. -Southern men frequently died young and go away(p) wives as widows. The southern colonies later allowed married women to retain separate rubric to their property. They were also given the right to inherit their husbands estate. -New England lawmakers worried that recognizing womens separate property rights would undercut the unity of married people. So, women gave up their property rights when married. -Women couldnt vote, morally weaker than men. -New England authorities begin to represent abusive spouses. -Divorce was rare and authorities encouraged couples to get back together.Life in the New England Tow ns -Puritans- concerned about whole community. -After proprietors received grants of land, they moved with their families and started a town. -Consisted of meeting house, houses, village green. -Each family received several parcels of land, a woodlot for fuel, and 2 tracts (for growing and pasturing) -A majority of adults knew how to read and write. -1636- Harvard is established/ -Regular town meetings. The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials -New form of oration jeremiad -Individuals testify that they had received Gods grace and therefore deserved to be admitted to the church. 1662 Half-Way Covenant- the agreement between the church and its adherents to admit to baptism.Weakened the distinction between the elect and the others. -Puritans begin to accept anyone into their faith. -Teenage girls claimed to be bewitched by older women. This began the witch hunt -1692-lynching of 21 individuals and 2 dogs -Most accused witches came from families associated with Salems market e conomy -ended in 1693 when the governor (wife accused of witch-craft) prohibited any further trials and pardoned those convicted. The New England Way of Life -Weather was heavy(p) in New England. Soil and climate produced a diversified agriculture and industry. -Indians are well off.Recognized the right to use the land, but individual ownership was alien to them. -English brought pigs, horses, sheep, and cattle from Europe. -Colonists continually clearing forests. -New Englanders scattered. The Early Settlers eld and Ways -The majority of colonists were farmers. -Women on southern plantations and farms wove, cooked, cleaned, and cared for children. Men cleared land fenced, planted and cropped cut firewood and butchered livestock. -Land was cheap. The Spanish were at Santa Fe in1610. The cut were at Quebec in1608.The English were at Jamestown, Virginia in1607. Englands imperial beard Stirrings King Henry VIIIbroke with the Roman Catholic Church in the1530s, launching theEnglish Pr otestant Reformation, and intensifying the rivalry with Catholic Spain. Elizabeth Energizes England In1580,Francis Drakecircumnavigated the globe, plundering and returning with his ship loaded with Spanish booty. He had a profit of about 4,600%. When the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada, Spains empirical dreams and contend spirit had been weakened helping to ensure the Englishs naval dominance over the North Atlantic.England on the Eve of an Empire Because an economicdepressionhitEnglandin the later part of the 1500s and many people were go away without homes, the stage was set for the establishment of an English beachhead in North America. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling In1606, a joint-stock fellowship, known as theVirginia Company of London,received a charter fromKing James I of Englandfor a settlement in the New World. The company landed in Jamestown onMay 24, 1607. In1608,Captain John Smithtook over the town and forced the settlers into line.By1609, of the 40 0 settlers who came to Virginia, only 60 survived the starving winter of 1609-1610. ethnical impact in the Chesapeake Lord De La Warrreached Jamestown in1610with supplies and military. He started theFirst Anglo-Powhatan War. The Indians were again defeated in theSecond Anglo-Powhatan Warin1644. By1685, the English take oned the Powhatan people to be extinct. Virginia Child of Tobacco John RolfemarriedPocahontasin1614,endingthe First Anglo-Powhatan War. In1619, self-government was made in Virginia. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly, known as theHouse of Burgesses.King James I didnt trust the House of Burgesses and so in1624, he made Virginia a colony of England, directly under his control. Maryland Catholic Haven Marylandwas formed in1634byLord Baltimore. Maryland was made for a refuge for the Catholics to fudge the wrath of the Protestant English government. TheAct of Toleration, which was passed in1649by the local representative group in Maryland, granted toleration to all Christians. The West Indies Way Station to mainland America By the mid-17th Century, England had secured its claim to several West Indian Islands. Sugarwas, by far, the major crop on the Indian Islands.To support the extensive sugar crops, millions of African slaves were imported. By 1700, the number of black slaves to white settlers in the English West Indies by almost 4 to 1. In modulate to control the large number of slaves, theBarbados Slave Code of 1661deniedeven the most fundamental rights to slaves. Colonizing the Carolinas Civil war plagued England in the 1640s. In1707, the Savannah Indians discrete to end their alinement with the Carolinians and migrate to the back country of Maryland and Pennsylvania, where a new colony founded by Quakers underWilliam Pennpromised get around relations.Almost all of the Indians were killed in raids before they could depart in1710. Ricebecame the primary export of the Carolinas. The Thirteen headmaster Colonie s Name Founded By Year Virginia London Co. 1607 New Hampshire John Mason and Others 1623 MassachusettsPlymouthMaine PuritansSeparatistsF. Gorges 162816201623 Maryland Lord Baltimore 1634 ConnecticutNew Haven Mass. EmigrantsMass. Emigrants 16351638 Rhode Island R. Williams 1636 Delaware Swedes 1638 N. Carolina Virginians 1653 New York Duke of York 1664 New Jersey Berkeley and Carteret 1664Carolina Eight Nobles 1670 Pennsylvania William Penn 1681 Georgia Oglethorpe and others 1733 * France Finds a Foothold in Canada In1598, theEdict of Nanteswas issued by the crown of France. It granted particular religious freedom to French Protestants, and stopped religious wars between the Protestants and Catholics. In1608, France establishedQuebec. (Catholic) The leadership figure wasSamuel de Champlain,an intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leaders earned him the title Father of New France. The government of New France (Canada) was under direct control of the king.The people did not elect any representative assemblies. New France Sets Out New France contained one valuable alternative beaver. French Catholic missionaries, notably theJesuits, labored with much enthusiasm to convert the Indians to Christianity and to save them from the fur trappers. Antoine Cadillac- founded Detroit in1701to thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley. Robert de La Salle- explored the Mississippi and Gulf basin, naming it Louisiana. In shape to staunch the Spanish on the Gulf of Mexico, the French planted several fortified posts in Mississippi and Louisiana.The French foundedNew Orleansin1718. Illinois became Frances garden empire of North America because much grain was produced there. The clangour of Empires The earliest contests among European power for control of North America, known to British colonists asKing Williams War (1689-1697)andQueen Annes War (1702-1713). Most of the battles were between the British colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain. The wars ended in1713with peace terms signed atUtrecht. France and Spain were terribly siten and Britain received French-populated Acadia and Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay.The British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America. The War of Jenkinss Ear started in1739between the British and Spaniards. This small battle became a war and became known asKing Georgess War in America. It ended in1748with a treaty that handed Louisbourg back to France, enraging the victorious New Englanders. George upper-case letter Inaugurates War with France In1754, George majuscule was sent to Ohio Country to secure the land of the Virginians who had secured legal rights to 500,000 acres. His 150 Virginia militia killed the French leader, causing French reinforcements to come.The Virginians were forced to surrender onJuly 4, 1754. In1755, the British uprooted the French Acadians fearing a stab in the back, and scattered them as far as Louisiana. Global War and Colonial Disunity TheFrench and Ind ian War (Seven Years War)started in1754. It was fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and on the ocean. In Europe, the principal adversaries were Britain and Prussia on one side and France, Spain, Austria, and Russia on the other. The French wasted so many armament in Europe that they were unable to put enough forces into America.TheAlbany relativemet in1754. Only 7 of 13 colony delegates showed up. It attempted to unite all of the colonies but the plan was hated by individual colonists and the London regime. Braddocks Blundering and Its Aftermath General Braddockset out in1755with 2,000 men to capture gird Duquesne. His force was slaughtered by the much smaller French and Indian army. (Braddocks Blunder) Due to this going of troops, the whole frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was left open to attack. George Washington, with only 300 men, tried to defend the area.In1756, the British launched afull-scale invasion of Canada. Pitts Palms of Victory In1757,William Pittbecame the foremost leader in the London government. He was known as the capacious Commoner. He attacked and capturedLouisbourgin1758. To lead the attack in the betrothal of Quebecin1759, Pitt choseJames Wolfe. The two opposing armies faced each other on thePlains of Abraham, the British under Wolfe and the French underMarquis de Montcalm. Montreal fell in1760. The pact of Paris (1763)ended the battle and threw the French power off the continent of North America.Restless Colonists Intercolonial disunityhad been caused by enormous distances geographical barriers conflicting religions, from Catholics to Quakers varied nationalities, from German to Irish differing types of colonial governments many boundary disputes and the resentment of the crude back-country settlers against the aristocrats. Americans A People of Destiny In1763,Ottawa chief,Pontiac,led several tribes, aided by a handful of French traders who remained in the region, in a violent campaign t o drive the British out of the Ohio country.His warriors captured Detroit in the spring of that year and overran all but 3 British outposts west of the Appalachians. The British countered these attacks and eventually defeated the Indians. London government issued the resolution of 1763. It prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. (The Appalachian land was acquired after the British beat the Indians). It was made to prevent another bloody eruption between the settlers and Indians. Many colonists disregarded it. * The Deep root of Revolution Two ideas in particular had taken root in the minds of the American colonists by the mid 18thcentury 1.Republicanism- a just society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the customary good. Both the stability of society and the authority of government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry-its capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage. 2. bag Whigs, a group of Br itish political commentators, made attacks on the use of patronage and bribes by the kings ministers. They warned citizens to be on guard for possible corruption. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Georgia was the only colony to be formed by Britain.TheNavigation Law of 1650stated that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. It was aimed to hurt rival Dutch shippers. The Stamp Tax Uproar Due to the French and Indian War, Britain had a very large debt. In1763,Prime Minister George Grenville vagabonded the British navy to begin stringently enforcing theNavigation Laws. He also secured from Parliament theSugar Act of 1764, the first law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax receipts in the colonies for England. The Sugar Act increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.TheQuartering Act of 1765required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. In1765, George Grenville imposed a stamp tax on the colonies to raise revenues to support the new military force. This stamp tax, known as theStamp Act, mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying earnings of tax. Parliament Forced to Repeal the Stamp Act TheStamp Act sexual intercourse of 1765brought together in New York City 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies. The members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and quest the king and Parliament to repeal the hated legislation.The meetings ripples began to erode sectional suspicions (suspicions between the colonies), for it had brought together around the equal table leaders from the different and rival colonies. It was one step towardsintercolonial unity. Nonimportation agreements(agreements made to not import British goods)were a stride toward unionism. TheSons of LibertyandDaughters of Libertytook the law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements. The Stamp Act was repealed by Parliament in1766. Parli ament passed theDeclaratory Act, reaffirming its right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever.The Townshend teatime Tax and the Boston Massacre In1767, Parliament passed theTownshend Acts. They put a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. British officials, faced with a breakdown of law and order, landed 2 regiments of troops in the colonies in1768. OnMarch 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and the redcoats subject fired on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them. The massacre was known as theBoston Massacre. The inflammatory Committees of Correspondence Lord North was forced to persuade Parliament to repeal the Townshend revenue duties.Samuel Adams- master propagandist and engineer of rebellion formed the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts in1772(Sons of Liberty). Committees of Correspondance were created by the American colonies in order to maintain communication with one another. They were organized in the ten dollar bill before the Revolution when communication between the colonies became essential. In March of1773, the VirginiaHouse of Burgesses, the lower house of the Colony of Virginia, proposed that each colonial legislature appoint a standing committee for intercolonial correspondance.Within just a year, nearly all of the colonies had joined. Tea Parties at Boston and Elsewhere In1773,theBritish East India Companywas overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much specie. Therefore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was trick to requital more taxes on tea, the Americans spurned the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston have got, the governor of Massachusetts,doubting Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.OnDecember 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea. (Boston Tea Party) Parliament Passes the Intolerable Acts In1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as theIntolerable Acts, which restricted colonists rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was fictional they would be acquitted of their charges). One such law was theBoston Port Act.It disagreeable the Boston harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured. TheQuebec Actwas also passed in1774, but was not obscure of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west. The Conti nental recounting and Bloodshed In1774, the1st Continental Congressmet in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts.The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia, sent 55 men to the formula. (The 1st Continental Congress was not a legislative clay, rather a consultative body, and convention rather than a congress. ) After 7 weeks of deliberation, the1st Continental Congressdrew up several papers. The papers included aDeclaration of Rightsand solemn appeals to other British-American colonies, to the king, and to the British people. The understructure ofThe Associationwas the most important vector sum of the Congress. It called for a completeboycottof British goods nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.InApril 1775, the British commander in Boston sent a detachment of troops toLexington. They were to seize provisions of colonial gunpowder and to capture the rebel ringleaders,Samuel AdamsandJohn Hancock. At Lexington, 8 Americans were shot an d killed. This incident was labeled as the Lexington Massacre. When the British went on to Concord, they were met with American resistance and there were over 300 casualties and 70 deaths. Because of this, the British had awar, rather than a rebellion on their hands. proud Strength and WeaknessesThe population of Britain was over 3 times as large as the population of America. Britain also had a much greater economic wealth and naval power. Unfortunately for the British, though, there was rebellion brew in Ireland, and France, bitter from its recent defeat, was waiting for an opportunity to attack Britain. Britain was therefore forced to divert much of its military power and concentration away from the Americas. Britains army in America had to operate under legion(predicate) difficulties provisions were short and soldiers were treated brutally.American Pluses and Minuses Marquis de Lafayette- French who was made a major usual in the colonial army at the age of 19 the French Gamec ock his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France. TheArticles of Confederationwas adopted in1781. It was the first write constitution adopted by colonists. Due to the lack of metallic money in America, Continental Congress was forced to print Continental paper money. Within a short time, this money depreciated significantly and individual states were forced to print their own paper money.A Thin Line of Heroes AtValley Forge, Pennsylvania, American men went without food for 3 years in thewinterof1777-1778. Baron von Steuben- German who helped to whip the America fighters into shape for fighting the British. Lord Dunmore- royal (British) governor of Virginia. In1775, he issued a proclamationpromising freedomfor any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army. Lord Dunmores Ethiopian Regiment Congress Drafts George Washington The Second Continental Congress selectedGeorge Washingtonto head the army besieging Boston.Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings From April 1775 to July 1776, the colonists were both affirming their loyalty to the king by sincerely voicing their desire to patch up difficulties while at the same time raising armies and killing redcoats. In May 1775, a tiny American force underEthan AllenandBenedict Arnoldcaptured the British garrisons atTiconderoga and Crown Point. There, a store of gunpowder and artillery was secured. In June 1775, the colonists capturedBunker Hill. The British took it back with a large number of soldiers.InJuly 1775, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Olive Branch bespeak, which professed American loyalty to the king and begged to the king to stop further hostilities. The petition was rejected by the king. With the rejection, the Americans were forced to choose to fight to become independent or to submit to British rule and power. In noble-minded 1775, King George III proclaimed that the colonies were in rebellion. He then hired GermanHessiansto bring order to the colonies. The Aborti ve Conquest of Canada In October 1775, theBritish burned Falmouth(Portland), Maine.In the same month, colonists made an attack on Canada in hopes that it would close it off as a possible source for a British striking point. The attack failed whenGeneral Richard Montgomerywas killed. In January 1776, theBritish set fire to Norfolk. Thomas Paine Preaches Common brain The Americans continued todeny any intention of licensebecause loyalty to the empire was deeply ingrained many Americans continued to consider themselves apart of a transatlantic community in which the mother country of Britain played a leading role colonial unity was poor and open rebellion was dangerous.Thomas Painereleased a pamphlet calledCommon Sensein1776. It argued that the colonies had outgrown any need for English domination and that they should be given independence. Paine and the Idea of Republicanism Thomas Paine called for the creation of a new kind of political society, specifically arepublic, where power flowed from the people themselves. Jeffersons Explanation of emancipation On July 2, 1776,Richard Henry Leeof Virginiasresolution of declaring independence was passed. It was the formal declaration of independence by the American colonies.Thomas Jeffersonwas appointed to conscription up theDeclaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independencewas formallyapprovedby Congress onJuly 4, 1776. It was an explanation of everything the king had done to the Americans. Patriots and stalwarts During the War of Independence, the Loyalists were called Tories and the Patriots were called Whigs. Tory a thing whose head is in England, and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched. The Loyalists made up 16% of the American population. Many people of training and wealth remained loyalto England.Loyalists were most numerous where theAnglican churchwas strongest. TheLoyalistswere well entrenched inNew York City, Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania,andNew Jersey. They were least n umerous in New England. ThePatriotswere numerous wherePresbyterianism and Congregationalismflourished-mostly in New England. The Loyalist Exodus Before the Declaration of Independence, the Loyalists were treated relatively mild. After, though, they were hanged, imprisoned, and roughly handled. They Loyalists were forced to leave because the Patriots had to eliminate their weaknesses.General Washington at Bay TheBritishconcentratedNew York Cityas a base of routine due to the fact that Boston was evacuated in March 1776. In1776, General Washington and his men were overpowered by the British at theBattle of Long Island. Washington and his men escaped to Manhattan Island. General William Howewas General Washingtons adversary. OnDecember 26, 1776, Washington surprised and captured1,000 Hessianswho were sleeping. Burgoynes Blundering Invasion London officials had an intricate scheme for capturing the vitalHudson River valley in 1777.It would sever New England from the rest of the states and paralyze the American cause. The main invading force, lead byGeneral Burgoyne, would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada. General Howestroops in New York, if needed, could advance up the Hudson River to meet Burgoyne near Albany. The 3rdforce was commanded by colonelBarry St. Leger, who would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario and the mohawk haircut Valley. General Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command atSaratogaonOctober 17, 1777to American generalHoratio Gates(Burgoynes Blunder).This win made it possible for the urgently neededforeign aid from France. (Turning point in war. ) Strange French Bedfellows After the shooting atLexingtonin April 1775, French secretly provided arms to the Americans. The British offered the Americanshome ruleafter the Battle of Saratoga. The French didnt want Britain to regain its colonies for fear that Britain would seize thesugar rich French West Indies. In order to stop this, theFrench made an open bailwith the A mericans in1778, offering all the British did with the exception of independence.The Colonial War Becomes a World War Spain and Holland became allies against Britain in1779. The British decided to evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate their strength in New York City. lay waste to and Counterblow General Benedict Arnoldturned traitor against the Americans in 1780. General Nathaniel Greenesucceeded in clearing most British troops out of Georgia and South Carolina. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier TheTreaty of Fort Stanwix- (1784) the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation signed with the Iroquois.George Rogers Clark- conceived the idea of capturing the British of the wild Illinois country in 1778-1779. John Paul Jonesis known as the father of the navy. He employed the manoeuvre of privateering. Privateering- when privately owned and crewed vessels were authorized by a government during a wartime to attack and capture rival vessels, men, cargo, etc it dive rted manpower from the main war effort it brought in needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale by providing victories in a time when victories were few. Yorktown and the Final CurtainFrom 1780-1781, the U. S. government fell nearly bankrupt. British General Cornwallisfell back to Chesapeake Bay atYorktownto await seaborne supplies and reinforcements. This time in war was one of the few times when British naval superiority had been lacking. Admiral de Grasseoffered to join the Americans in an assault of Cornwallis via the sea. George Washington, along withRochambeaus army, and Admiral de Grasse cornered Cornwallis. He was forced tosurrender on October 19, 1781. peace treaty at Paris In 1782, a Whig ministry replaced the Tory regime of Lord North.Conditions of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 British formally recognized the independence of the United States. Florida is given to Spain. Britain granted generous boundaries, stretching to the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. Yankees were to retain a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland. The Loyalists were to no lifelong be prosecuted. Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that confiscated Loyalist property be restored. The states vowed to put no rule-governed obstacles in the way of Loyalist property collection.Ben Franklin,John Adams, andJohn Jaynegotiated the peace terms with Britain. The Pursuit of comparison The Continental Army officers formed an exclusive hereditary order called theSociety of the Cincinnati. Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom-created in1786by Thomas Jefferson and his co-reformers stated that religion should not be imposed on anybody and that each person decided his/her own faith. The PhiladelphiaQuakersin1775founded the firstanti-slavery society. The 1st Continental Congress called for the completeabolition of the slave tradein1774.Several northern states went further and either abolished slavery altogether or provided the gradual emancipation of slaves. No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery. Constitution Making in the States The 2nd Continental Congress called upon the colonies in1776to lotterynew constitutions. Massachusetts called a special convention to draft its constitution and then submitted the final draft to the people. Aswrittendocuments, the state constitutions were intended to represent afundamental law, superior to the short-lived impulses of ordinary legislation.In the Revolutionary era, the capitals of New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were all moved westward. stinting Crosscurrents Economic democracy preceded political democracy. Due to the independence from Britain, the United States had to make everything on its own which it no semipermanent imported from Britain. Many Americans were poor because the economy was so bad. Creating a Confederation Shortly before declaring independence in 1776, the 2ndContinental Congress appointed a committee to draft a written constitution for the new nation.The finished product was theArticles of Confederation. It wasadoptedby Congress in1777and it convinced France that America had a genuine government in the making. The Articles of Confederation wasnt canonic by all 13 colonies until 1781. The Articles of Confederation Americas First Constitution The 13 colonies were joined together for joint action in dealing with universal problems such as foreign affairs. Congress had 2 major handicaps It had no power to regulate commerce, and this loophole left the states free to establish conflictingly laws regarding tariffs and navigation.Congress couldnt enforce its tax collection program. The states were NOT required to commit the government taxes, they were but asked. Landmarks in Land Laws Land Ordinance of 1785- stated that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- a uniform national land policy created the Northwest Territories and gave the land to the government, the land could then be purchased by individuals when a territory had 60,000 people, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the 13 other states.The Worlds Ugly Duckling Britain declined to make any commercial treaty with the colonies or to repeal its Navigation Laws. Lord Sheffieldargued in his pamphlet that Britain could win back Americas trade. TheBritish remained in the Americaswhere they maintained their fur trade with the Indians. The American states did not honor the treaty of peace in regard to debts and Loyalists. The British stayed primarily to keep the Indians on the side of the British so to defend against future attacks on Canada by the Americans. Spain was openly unfriendly to the Americans.It closed off the Mississippi river to commerce in1784. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Shays Rebellion- in western Massach usetts in1786 when impoverished back-country farmers, who were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies, attempted to enforce their demands of cheap paper money, light source taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers led byCaptain Daniel Shays. The uprising was crushed but it left fear in the propertied class of mobs. A recipe of Demigods In1786, Virginia called for aconvention at Annapolis, Maryland.There,Alexander Hamiltonsaved the convention from collapsing delegates from only 5 states showed up. He called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with just commerce, but tofix then entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. Alexander Hamiltonwas an advocate of a super-powerful central government. OnMay 25, 1787, 55 representatives from all of the states except for Rhode Island were sent to Philadelphia to talk of the government in the future of the country. (Constitutional Convention) George W ashington was elected as the leader. Patriots in PhiladelphiaThe delegates hoped to save the revolutionary idealism and make it into a strong political structure. Hammering Out a raft of Compromises Some of the delegates decided they wouldscrapthe old Articles of Confederation, contradicting instructions from Congress to revise it. The large-state plan was proposed by Virginia and was first pushed forward as the framework of the Constitution. It said that the arrangement in Congress should be based upon a states population. New Jersey presented the small-state plan. It centered on equal representation in Congress without regards to a states size or population.The Great Compromise of the convention was hammered out and finally agreed upon. It called for representation by population in theHouse of Representatives, and equal representation in theSenate. Each state would have 2 senators. The newConstitutionalso called for a President. Because of arguments over if the slaves would coun t towards the general population of the state, the three-fifths compromise was created. The new Constitution also called for theend of the slave trade by the end of 1807. All new state constitutions except Georgias forbade overseas slave trade.Rhode Island was not present at the Constitutional Convention. Safeguards for Conservatism The members of the Constitutional Convention agreed economically-demanded sound money and the protection of private property and politically-favored a stronger government with 3 branches and with checks and balances among them. The Clash of Federalists and Anti-federal officialists The Anti-federalists were led bySamuel Adams,Patrick Henry, andRichard Henry Lee. The followers consisted of states rights devotees, back country dwellers, and one-horse farmers in general, the poorest class.Federalists were led byGeorge WashingtonandBenjamin Franklin. Most of the Federalists lived in the settled areas along the seaboard. Overall, they were wealthier than th e Anti-federalists, more educated, and better organized. They also controlled the press. The Great Debate in the States Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New Hampshire were the first 9 states to sign the Constitution. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island were the only states to not sign it. (4 Laggard States)The Four Laggard States Virginia, New York, and North Carolina all ratified the Constitution before it was put into effect. Rhode Island was the last state to ratify it and it did so only after the new government had been in operation for a few months. These 4 states did not ratify the Constitution because they cute to but because they had to. They could not safely exist outside the fold. A Conservative Triumph The architects of the Constitution commodious that every branch-executive, judiciary, and legislative-effectively represented the people.By imbedding the principle of self-rule in a sel f-limiting system of checks and balances among these 3 branches, the Constitution settled the conflicting doctrines of liberty and order. * Washington for President George Washington was unanimously elected as President by the Electoral College in1789. He took the oath of office on April 30, 1789. He established the cabinet. At first,writing table of State Thomas Jefferson,Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, andSecretary of War Henry Knoxserved under Washington. invoice of Rights James Madisonwrote theBill of Rightsand got them passed by Congress in1791.TheJudiciary Act of 1789created the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts, and established the office of attorney general. John Jaybecame the first Chief Justice. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit In order to create a thriving federal government,Alexander Hamiltonset out to create a plan to shape the policies of the administration in such a way as to favor the wealthier groups. These wealthier groups would then thankfully lend their money and political support to the government. The wealth in the government would then trickle down through society.In this plan, Hamilton persuaded Congress to fund the entire national debt at par, meaning that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value plus accumulated interest. This would strengthen the national credit by creating public confidence in the small Treasury department. He then convinced Congress to take on the states debts, which would create confidence in the government by the states. States with large debts, like Massachusetts, were delighted with Hamiltons proposal, but states with small debts, like Virginia, did not want the government to seize state ebts. Virginia did, however, want the forthcoming federal district, the District of Columbia, which would bring commerce and prestige. So Virginia made a deal with the government the government would assume stat e debts if the District of Columbia was placed on the Potomac River. The deal was passed by Congress in1790. Customs, Duties, and collide with Taxes One of Hamiltons objectives was to keep anational debt, believing that the more creditors to whom the government owed money, the more people there would be with a personal stake in the success of the government.In this objective, he expectedtariff revenuesto pay interest on the huge debt and run the government. The first tariff law, which imposed a low tax of 8% on the value of imports, was passed by Congress in1789. Its purpose was to create revenue and to create a small protective wall around small industries. He passed additional internal revenue and, in1791, convinced Congress to pass anexcise taxon a few domestic help items, notably whiskey. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Alexander Hamilton proposed aBank of the United Statesthat could print paper money and thus provide a stable national currency.The national bank would al so be place where the Treasury could deposit monies. Thomas Jefferson strongly opposed the Bank stating it was unconstitutional. He matt-up that the states had the right to decimate their own money. Most of the opposition came from the south and most of the support came from the north. Hamilton prevailed and the 1stBank of the United States was created in1791. Its charter lasted for 20 years and was located in Philadelphia. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania TheWhiskey Rebellionin Pennsylvania in1794was lead by distillers who strongly opposed the 1791 excise tax on whiskey.The rebellion was ended when President Washington sent in federal troops. Although the troops faced no opposition, a strong message was sent by the government stating that it would enforce the law. The Emergence of policy-making Parties Political parties had not existed in America when George Washington took office. What was once a personal feud between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had developed int o a full-blown and bitter political rivalry. In the 1790s, Jefferson and Madison organized their opposition to the Hamiltonian program but confined it to Congress.In due time, this organized opposition grew and thetwo-party systememerged. The Impact of the French Rebellion When Washingtons first administration had ended in 1793, a formation of two political groups had ensued Jeffersonian Democratic-RepublicansandHamilton Federalists. TheFrench Revolutionstarted in1789. It began peacefully but entered a violent phase when France declared war on Austria in 1792. Things started to get worse when King Louis XVI was beheaded in 1793, the church was attacked, and the head-rolling persist of Terror was begun.At first, the Federalists supported the revolutionbut that view suddenly changed when the attitude of the revolution changed. Washingtons Neutrality promulgation Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans wanted to get into theFrench and British Warto fightforFrance. The Federalists wereopp osed. Washington issued theNeutrality announcement of 1793stating the countrys neutrality from the Britain-France war. He was backed by Hamilton. Embroilments with Britain For years, the British had retained the frontier posts on U. S. soil, all in defiance of the peace treaty of 1783.The London government did not want to abandon the valuable fur trade in the Great Lakes region, and British agents openly sold firearms to theMiami Confederacy, an alliance of 8 Indian nations who terrorized Americans. The Jeffersonians felt that American should again fight Britain in defense of Americas liberties. The Federalists opposed this action because Hamiltons hopes for economic development depended on trade with Britain. Jays Treaty and Washingtons good-by In a last attempt to avoid war, President Washington sent Chief JusticeJohn Jayto London in1794to negotiate.Opposed by Democratic-Republicans, Jay hammered out a treaty,Jays Treaty, in which the British promised to evacuate the chain of po sts on U. S. soil and pay for damages for the seizures of American ships. Britain stopped short of pledging anything about future maritime seizures or about supplying arms to Indians. The treaty also called for the U. S. to continue to pay the debts owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary War accounts. Jays Treaty caused Spain, which feared an Anglo-American alliance, to strike a deal with the U. S.InPinckneys Treaty of 1795with Spain, Spain granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the large disputed territory north of Florida. In his Farewell Address to the nation, Washington urged against permanent alliances. He left office in1797. John Adams Becomes President John Adamsbeat Thomas Jefferson to become to the2ndPresident in 1797. Hamilton became the leader of theFederalist Party, known as the High Federalists. Unofficial Fighting with France France was upset with Jays Treaty and it started capturing American